1. 1) Introduction to research topic

2. Thesis: There is a difference between the prosodic properties of: a) contrastive Focus and b) presentational Focus

3. distinction is not construed as the realization of distinct tonal morphemes distinction is not construed as the realization of distinct tonal morphemes Suggestion: The difference is present in Suggestion: The difference is present in the interface the interface informational/syntactic informational/syntactic structure and can be structure and can be realized in the phonological realized in the phonological representation. representation.

4. Two different kind of sentences will be used for the research: With contrastive Focus: With contrastive Focus: like: Mary buys and Bill sells pictures like: Mary buys and Bill sells pictures of Elvis Presley. of Elvis Presley. With presentational Focus: With presentational Focus: like: Bill sells pictures of Elvis like: Bill sells pictures of Elvis Presley. Presley.

5. ! Both kind of sentences need to have a direct object at the end of the sentence! Explanation: A distinction in phonological representation could be neutralized in cases where a particular Focus (here: the Focus verb) is the last Focus (followed only by given, unaccented material). only by given, unaccented material).

6. To ensure that the first kind of sentences contain a contrastive Focus on the second verb the speakers who perform the sentences make use of the RIGHT NODE RAISING

7. Right Node Raising (RNR) pair of contrastive Focus elements (here: two contrastive verbs, like buy and sell) pair of contrastive Focus elements (here: two contrastive verbs, like buy and sell) discourse new syntactic complement (“right- node-raised“ object) (here: pictures of Elvis Presley) discourse new syntactic complement (“right- node-raised“ object) (here: pictures of Elvis Presley) both contrastive verbs are related to the syntactic complement both contrastive verbs are related to the syntactic complement

8. Mary buys ____ and Bill sells pictures of Elvis Presley. Syntactic analysis: The first verb is followed by an empty position whereas the empty position whereas the “right-node-raised“ object “right-node-raised“ object appears in the normal position appears in the normal position for a complement of the verb. for a complement of the verb.

9. the right verb appears in the same the right verb appears in the same syntactic structure context as the syntactic structure context as the presentational verb in the corresponding presentational verb in the corresponding simple sentence: simple sentence: Bill sells pictures of Elvis Presley. Bill sells pictures of Elvis Presley.

10. RNR-sentence and corresponding simple RNR-sentence and corresponding simple sentence provide a good context to sentence provide a good context to compare: compare: contrastive Focus contrastive Focus to to presentational Focus presentational Focus

11. 2) Methodological details

12. 3 speakers (not informed about the task) 3 speakers (not informed about the task) read two repetitions of dialogue containing either the RNR- sentence or the corresponding simple sentence read two repetitions of dialogue containing either the RNR- sentence or the corresponding simple sentence two weeks break between reading of RNR-sentence and simple sentence two weeks break between reading of RNR-sentence and simple sentence a radio interview format is used: a radio interview format is used: author = interviewer author = interviewer speaker = interviewee speaker = interviewee Praat program is used for recording Praat program is used for recording

13. Reading materials 9 RNR-sentences (with contrastive Focus on the verb) 9 RNR-sentences (with contrastive Focus on the verb) 4 corresponding simple sentences (with presentational Focus on the verb) 4 corresponding simple sentences (with presentational Focus on the verb)

14. Methods of analysis Pitch work program was used to make pitch tracks. Pitch work program was used to make pitch tracks. ToBi transcription was made ToBi transcription was made Break indices were observed Break indices were observed

15. 3) Results a. RNR-sentences with contrastive Focus

16. Junctural properties of Focus in 90%: substantial phrase break after contrastive Focus verb in 90%: substantial phrase break after contrastive Focus verb in 50%: very big break (usually occurs between sentences) in 50%: very big break (usually occurs between sentences)

17. Tonal properties pitch accent, in 82%: L+H* pitch accent, in 82%: L+H* edge tone on the right, in 89%: L- edge tone on the right, in 89%: L- L plateau extending inwards from the right edge of the verb L plateau extending inwards from the right edge of the verb

18. typical pattern of Focus, refered to as typical pattern of Focus, refered to as duncecap, in this case right visored duncecap, in this case right visored

19. 3) Results b. simple sentences with b. simple sentences with presentational Focus presentational Focus

20. Main observations fewer and shorter phrase breaks (13% of substantial phrase break compared to 90%) fewer and shorter phrase breaks (13% of substantial phrase break compared to 90%) less evidence of a right edge tone (13% compared to 89%) less evidence of a right edge tone (13% compared to 89%) H* predominates (73% compared to 10%) H* predominates (73% compared to 10%)

21. Example: Remanipulating lacks L+, L plateau and right edge tone L- in the simple and right edge tone L- in the simple sentence, but shows all this criterions sentence, but shows all this criterions in the RNR-sentence. in the RNR-sentence. presentational Focus lacks the duncecap pattern (esp. the L-edge tone & the following phrase break)

22. Contrastive Focus and presentational Focus in prosodically final position The duncecap pattern described for The duncecap pattern described for contrastive Focus also appears when the contrastive Focus also appears when the contrastive verb is not followed by further contrastive verb is not followed by further accented material. accented material. The presentational Focus shows a difference in final position. The H* then is followed by a sentence final L-. The presentational Focus shows a difference in final position. The H* then is followed by a sentence final L-.

23. It is most informative and instructive to It is most informative and instructive to compare contrastive Focus and presenta- compare contrastive Focus and presenta- tional Focus in medial position. tional Focus in medial position.