1. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Minorities and the Criminal Justice System Minorities and the Criminal Justice SystemCriminal JusticeCriminal Justice Cross Cultural Communication

2. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster What is Culture “Beliefs, values, patterns of thinking, behavior and everyday customs that have been passed on from generation to generation” (Shusta, p. 19) “Beliefs, values, patterns of thinking, behavior and everyday customs that have been passed on from generation to generation” (Shusta, p. 19) Or a group or community with which we share common experiences that shape the way we understand the world.

3. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster What is Culture It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of: It includes groups that we are born into, such as gender, race, or national origin. It also includes groups we join or become part of: For example, we can acquire a new culture by moving to a new region, by a change in our economic status, or by becoming disabled. For example, we can acquire a new culture by moving to a new region, by a change in our economic status, or by becoming disabled.

4. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communication Process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people, usually with the intent to motivate or influence behavior Means to share, not "to speak" or "to write"

5. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model Sender The Person who sends the message

6. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model SenderEncode To select symbols with which to compose a message

7. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model Sender Encode Channel The carrier or form of communication

8. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model Sender Encode ChannelDecode Decoding or translating the message sent is the task of the receiver!

9. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model SenderEncode ChannelDecodeReceiver The Person who receives the message

10. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Communications Model SenderEncode TransmitDecodeReceiver Feedback A response by the receiver to the sender’s communication

11. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster But, Wait, there’s more! SenderEncode TransmitDecodeReceiver Feedback A response by the receiver to the sender’s communication Encode TransmitDecode

12. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster And More SenderEncode TransmitDecodeReceiver Encode TransmitDecode Noise Any barrier to communication

13. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Culture and Communications Messages are constructed from culture, or “beliefs, values, patterns of thinking, behavior and everyday customs that have been passed on from generation to generation” (Shusta, P. 97) Messages are constructed from culture, or “beliefs, values, patterns of thinking, behavior and everyday customs that have been passed on from generation to generation” (Shusta, P. 97) Both the sender and the receiver use their cultural perceptions of encode and decode messages. Both the sender and the receiver use their cultural perceptions of encode and decode messages.

14. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster A little more about perception Perception = Process used to sort out the environment Perceptual selectivity = objects/stimuli are screened in or out and then selected -Certain stimuli catch our attention - We tend to see what we want to see.

15. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Perception and Communication Cultural organization = Categorizing according to our Cultural frame of reference Cultural organization = Categorizing according to our Cultural frame of reference Stereotyping is the most common form of perceptual organization Stereotyping is the most common form of perceptual organization Words can mean different things to different people. Words can mean different things to different people.

16. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Nonverbal Communication Facial expression Facial expression Voice Voice Mannerisms Mannerisms Posture Posture Dress Dress Sometimes more believable and forceful Sometimes more believable and forceful Defined as actions, behaviors and intonation rather than words

17. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster What is Cross Cultural Communications?

18. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster High-context and Low-context Communication The degree to which senders and receivers rely on factors other than explicit speech to convey their messages

19. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Context “all the factors which systematically determine the form, meaning, appropriateness or translation of linguistic expressions. One can distinguish between linguistic context (provided by the preceding utterances or text) and non- linguistic context (including shared assumptions and information).” (Arnold, D). “all the factors which systematically determine the form, meaning, appropriateness or translation of linguistic expressions. One can distinguish between linguistic context (provided by the preceding utterances or text) and non- linguistic context (including shared assumptions and information).” (Arnold, D).

20. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Understanding the Difference Low-context communication: Low-context communication: “My words speak for themselves," “My words speak for themselves," Prefer to be less direct, relying on what is implied by the communication. Prefer to be less direct, relying on what is implied by the communication. High-context communication Prefer indirect messages from others Verbal and nonverbal cues help me understand the meaning

21. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Different Context – Different Meaning I’m sorry. I’m sorry. What did you say? What did you say? I’m fine. I’m fine. Others?

22. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Low Context communicating with High Context “nonverbal messages and gestures may be as important as what is said; “nonverbal messages and gestures may be as important as what is said; status and identity may be communicated nonverbally and require appropriate acknowledgement; status and identity may be communicated nonverbally and require appropriate acknowledgement; face-saving and tact may be important, and need to be balanced with the desire to communicate fully and frankly; face-saving and tact may be important, and need to be balanced with the desire to communicate fully and frankly; building a good relationship can contribute to effectiveness over time; and building a good relationship can contribute to effectiveness over time; and indirect routes and creative thinking are important alternatives to problem-solving when blocks are encountered. “ (LeBarron, M.) indirect routes and creative thinking are important alternatives to problem-solving when blocks are encountered. “ (LeBarron, M.)

23. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster High Context communicating with Low Context “things can be taken at face value rather than as representative of layers of meaning; “things can be taken at face value rather than as representative of layers of meaning; roles and functions may be decoupled from status and identity; roles and functions may be decoupled from status and identity; efficiency and effectiveness may be served by a sustained focus on tasks; efficiency and effectiveness may be served by a sustained focus on tasks; direct questions and observations are not necessarily meant to offend, but to clarify and advance shared goals; and direct questions and observations are not necessarily meant to offend, but to clarify and advance shared goals; and indirect cues may not be enough to get the other's attention” (LeBarron, M.) indirect cues may not be enough to get the other's attention” (LeBarron, M.)

24. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster References Arnold, D., et al., (1995) Machine translation: an introductory guide http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/clmt/MTbook /HTML/book.html Arnold, D., et al., (1995) Machine translation: an introductory guide http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/clmt/MTbook /HTML/book.html Shusta, R., et al., (2005), Multicultural Law Enforcement. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Shusta, R., et al., (2005), Multicultural Law Enforcement. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ LeBarron, M.(2003) Communication tools for understanding cultural differences. http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/communi cation_tools.jsp LeBarron, M.(2003) Communication tools for understanding cultural differences. http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/communi cation_tools.jsp

25. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Cross Cultural Communications For more information on Leadership Leadership visitwww.pokerleadership.com