1. 3-1 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd SPORTS IN SOCIETY: SOCIOLOGICAL ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES CHAPTER 3 STUDYING THE PAST: Does it Help Us Understand Sports Today?

2. 3-2 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Understanding History When Studying Sports in Society Histories in this chapter are organised around critical questions based on the cultural, interactional and structural theories. They are stories about people at different times and places struggling over and coming to terms with what they wanted their activities to be and how they wished them to be included in their lives.

3. 3-3 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd General Historical Issues Evidence suggests that physical activities and games have existed in nearly all cultures. There are fewer contrasts between the games that different people play today. –Decreasing contrasts are due to cultural diffusion and the power and influence of nation-states and sponsoring corporations.

4. 3-4 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Historical and Cultural Variations Variations exist because: sports are cultural practices that can serve a variety of social purposes people create sports within the constraints of the social worlds in which they live.

5. 3-5 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Characteristics of Dominant Sport Forms Today Secularism Equality Specialisation Rationalisation Bureaucratisation Quantification Records

6. 3-6 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Contests and Games in Ancient Greece Sports were: grounded in mythology linked with religious beliefs characterised by: –gender exclusion –frequent violence –absence of administrative structures –absence of measurements and record keeping.

7. 3-7 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Roman Contests and Games Emphasised spectacle, combat and the power of political leaders. Characterised by: –diversions for the masses –exclusion of women as competitors –absence of quantification and record keeping.

8. 3-8 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Tournaments and Games in Medieval Europe Folk games played by peasants. Tournaments played by elite for purposes of military readiness. Gender restrictions grounded in religious dogma and beliefs. Games lacked specialisation and formal organisation.

9. 3-9 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd The Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment Increasing control over peasants. People’s lives often restricted by labour. Calvinist and Puritan beliefs did not promote or support leisure. Sports constituted diversions for people.

10. 3-10 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd The Industrial Revolution: Early Years Organised competitive sports emerged, especially among elite. Time and space for games were limited in urban areas. Slavery among Africans, and exploitation of other workers limited widespread involvement in sports.

11. 3-11 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd History Lessons: Origins of Distorted Views Who tells the stories about what sports were like in the past? Whose perspectives are used to frame these stories? How is power related to whose stories are told and how they are told? Why are histories usually incomplete?

12. 3-12 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Sports in the Colonies Sports introduced from Britain: –prize-fighting, pedestrianism, horseracing, hunting with dogs, cock-fighting, etc. Sports acquired local meanings in the colonial contexts. Colonial social differences influenced the sports followed and the control of sports. Public houses significant foci of sporting activities.

13. 3-13 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd After the 1850s Discovery of gold gave big impetus to gambling sports such as pedestrianism. Countervailing pressure on professional sports with the growth of amateurism from the 1860s. Amateur/professional divide in sports followed class lines. Australian Rules Football was developed.

14. 3-14 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Industrial Revolution: Later Years Growing emphasis on rationality and organisation in society and sports. Most sports were segregated by social class and race. Women’s participation in sports was very limited.

15. 3-15 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Organised, Competitive Sports: Late 19 th and Early 20 th Centuries Sports often were used by wealthy people to reinforce status distinctions. The organisation of sports favoured the interests of people with power and wealth. Increased sports participation opportunities for workers, especially men.

16. 3-16 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Organised, Competitive Sports: Late 19 th and Early 20 th Centuries (cont.) Sports participation came to be linked with character development. Organised sports were tied close to ideas about: –masculinity and femininity –skin colour and ethnicity –age and disability.

17. 3-17 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Sports and Nationalism National sports: –Cricket in Australia –Rugby Union in New Zealand Sporting performance associated with national ‘worth’. Importance of training programs to secure wins and cement national pride.

18. 3-18 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd White Hegemony Australia and New Zealand are ‘settler societies’ with disadvantaged Indigenous minorities. Indigenous players –Australia: Indigenous competitors in AFL, Rugby League and individual sports such as boxing. –New Zealand: Māori players in Rugby Union and netball. –Some competitors disguised their Indigenous backgrounds by claiming other origins.

19. 3-19 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd White Hegemony (cont.) Both Australia and New Zealand have received migrants from diverse ethnic origins. Soccer significant for migrants from Mediterranean countries, but matches also provided sites for conflict between ethnic rivals.

20. 3-20 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd The Twentieth Century: Struggles Continue From the 1920s to today, struggles continue over: meaning, purpose and organisation of sports in communities and society who will participate in sports and the conditions under which they will play how and why sports are sponsored.

21. 3-21 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd 1920 to Today Struggles often are related to issues such as: entertainment, professionalisation and commercialism masculinity and violence nationalism and chauvinism gender inequities and homophobia racism and racial discrimination physical abilities and access to participation class dynamics and use of resources media images and narratives.

22. 3-22 PPTs to accompany Sports in Society 2e by Coakley, Hallinan and MacDonald © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd Sports History Does Not Just Happen Sports history has always depended on the actions of people as they construct physical activities in their lives. Historical changes in sports have often occurred in connection with people’s visions of what sports could and should be like. There have been many struggles that have influenced the meaning, purpose and organisation of sports in society. Sports history will continue to emerge in connection with struggles over people’s ideas about sports and the ideals that guide those ideas.