1. Personality, 9e Jerry M. Burger
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2. What is Personality? Chapter 1
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3. Chapter Outline The person and the situation Defining personality
Six approaches to personality
Personality and culture
The study of personality: Theory, application, assessment, and research
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4. The Person and the Situation
Both the situation and the person influence behavior
Individual's personality determines:
How different he/she is from others
How he/she behaves in the different situations
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5. Personality
Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual
Consistent patterns of behavior
To an extent, individual behavior is consistent across time and situations
Intrapersonal processes
Emotional, motivational, and cognitive processes that influence individual's feelings and actions
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6. Approaches to Personality
Psychoanalytic
Unconscious mind is responsible for important differences in behavior styles
Trait
An individual lies along a continuum of various personality characteristics
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7. Approaches to Personality
Biological
Inherited predispositions and physiological processes contribute to differences in personality
Humanistic
Personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptance cause differences in personality
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8. Approaches to Personality
Behavioral/social learning
Consistent behavior patterns are the result of conditioning and expectations
Cognitive
People process information to explain differences in behavior
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9. Aggression Psychoanalytic approach’s explanation
People possess an unconscious desire to self- destruct
Self-destructive impulses are expressed against others in the form of aggression
Aggression occurs when people are blocked from reaching their goals
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10. Aggression Trait approach’s explanation
Focusses on individual differences and the stability of aggressive behavior
Aggressive children are most likely to become aggressive adults
Biological approach’s explanation
Genetic predisposition towards aggression
Evolutionary theory
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11. Aggression Humanistic approach’s explanation
People are basically good
Aggression arises when something interferes with natural growth process
Inadequate basic needs, poor self-image
Behavioral/social approach’s explanation
People learn to be aggressive
Aggressive behavior that is rewarded will be repeated
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12. Aggression Cognitive explanation
Certain cues in the environment trigger a network of aggressive thoughts and emotions
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13. Depression Psychoanalytic approach’s explanation
Depression is a result of holding unconscious feelings of anger and hostility
Trait approach’s explanation
Focuses on identifying depression-prone individuals
Person’s general emotional level at present can indicate that person’s emotions in the future
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14. Depression Biological approach’s explanation
Certain people inherit a genetic susceptibility to depression
Humanistic approach’s explanation
People frequently suffering from depression are those who have low self-worth
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15. Depression Behavioral/social approach’s explanation
Depression results from a lack of positive reinforcers in a person’s life
Cognitive approach’s explanation
Depression depends on how people interpret their inability to control events
Certain individuals use a depressive filter to interpret and process information
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16. Personality and Culture
Cultural context influences an individual’s personality
Individualistic cultures: Emphasize on individual needs and accomplishments
Individuals perceive themselves as independent and unique
Includes Northern European countries and the United States
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17. Personality and Culture
Collectivist cultures: Emphasize on belonging to a larger group
Family, tribe, or nation
Includes Asian, African, Central American, and South American countries
Cultural context influences interpretation of an individual's behavior
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18. Study of Personality: Theory
Genetic versus environmental influences
Biological and trait theorists argue that psychologists fail to recognize the significance of inherited predispositions
Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize innate needs and unconscious behavior patterns
Humanistic, behavioral/social learning, and cognitive theorists rarely emphasize inherited influences on personality
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19. Figure 1.1 - Position of the Six Approaches to Personality on Three Theory Issues
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20. Study of Personality: Theory
Conscious versus unconscious determinants of behavior
Psychoanalyst view asserts that much of what people do is without awareness
Behavior perspective asserts that people assume they understand the reasons for their actions but in reality they do not
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21. Study of Personality: Theory
Trait and cognitive theorists assume people can identify and report their level of social anxiety
Humanistic theorists argue that people do not understand why they act the way they do
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22. Study of Personality: Theory
Free will versus determinism
Behaviorists argue that behavior is not freely chosen but it is the result of environmental forces and accumulated history of experiences
Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize innate needs and unconscious mechanisms
Humanistic theorists identify personal choice and responsibility as the basis of mental health
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23. Study of Personality: Theory
Trait theorists and biological theorists emphasize genetic predispositions
Cognitive psychotherapists encourage their clients to recognize the cause of their problems and help them to develop strategies to avoid future difficulties
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24. Study of Personality: Application
Psychoanalytic therapists attend to unconscious causes of the problem behavior
Humanistic therapists provide the atmosphere for clients to explore their feelings
Cognitive therapists try to change the way their clients process information
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25. Study of Personality: Application
Behaviorists structure the environment to increase the frequency of desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors
Personality theory and research is used by psychologists in educational, organizational, and counseling settings
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26. Study of Personality: Assessment
Researchers use self-report inventories to measure personality
Psychoanalytic psychologists focus on learning unconscious thoughts
Require test takers to respond to ambiguous stimuli
Behavioral psychologists observe behavior to determine consistent behavior patterns
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27. Study of Personality: Research
Test principles and assumptions of certain researches are central to the theory
Few researches are focused on the concepts introduced by personality theory
Psychology researchers employ several methods to uncover information about personality
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