1. Stratification, Minorities, and Discrimination Chapter 12 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 2 Race and Ethnicity Physical and cultural variations among people worldwide Physical and cultural variations among people worldwide When group isolated for long periods, it can develop distinguishing characteristics When group isolated for long periods, it can develop distinguishing characteristics But classifying by race is problematic But classifying by race is problematic Race is social construction, not physical Race is social construction, not physical Why differentiate by skin color, but not by hair color? Why differentiate by skin color, but not by hair color?

3. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 3 Race and Ethnicity (continued) Problem: migration led to mixing of “races” Problem: migration led to mixing of “races” Old classification systems no longer relevant Old classification systems no longer relevant Ethnicity is a cultural classification Ethnicity is a cultural classification Group has common ancestry and heritage Group has common ancestry and heritage Nationality, language and religion Nationality, language and religion Do not confuse ethnicity and race Do not confuse ethnicity and race Some racial groups share a culture, but not all Some racial groups share a culture, but not all

4. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 4 Ethnic or Racial Superiority? False to assume any race or ethnic group is superior to others False to assume any race or ethnic group is superior to others No convincing scientific evidence No convincing scientific evidence Some evidence of inherited mental and psychological differences between groups Some evidence of inherited mental and psychological differences between groups Society’s leaders determined by many factors Society’s leaders determined by many factors

5. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 5 Reasons for Ethnic/Racial Prejudice Influence of tradition Influence of tradition Psychological need of individuals to belong to identifiable group Psychological need of individuals to belong to identifiable group Builds up ego by cultivating feeling of superiority Builds up ego by cultivating feeling of superiority Prejudice useful as economic and political weapon Prejudice useful as economic and political weapon

6. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 6 Minority and Dominant Groups Minority Group Singled out for unequal negative treatment Singled out for unequal negative treatment Believe they are objects of collective discrimination Believe they are objects of collective discrimination Dominant Group Singled out for positive treatment May be a minority of population

7. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 7 Racial Issues in the United States Native Americans Native Americans Often most isolated minority group in country Often most isolated minority group in country Educationally deprived Educationally deprived U.S. policy changes U.S. policy changes Isolation Isolation Forced integration Forced integration Assimilation Assimilation

8. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 8 Racial Issues in the United States (continued) Black Americans Black Americans About 13% of population About 13% of population Many descended from slaves (African origin) Many descended from slaves (African origin) Status changed with Emancipation Proclamation and 13th Amendment Status changed with Emancipation Proclamation and 13th Amendment Legal status changed, but not social status Legal status changed, but not social status Original cultural heritage lost for most Original cultural heritage lost for most Unique social and psychological upheavals Unique social and psychological upheavals Status improving, some discrimination lingers Status improving, some discrimination lingers

9. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 9 Legal Discrimination of Black Americans Legal segregation after Civil War Legal segregation after Civil War Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) Reversed Plessy vs. Ferguson (separate but equal) Reversed Plessy vs. Ferguson (separate but equal) De facto segregation still occurs De facto segregation still occurs Civil Rights Acts (1950s and 1960s) Civil Rights Acts (1950s and 1960s) Some have experienced little social or economic progress since then Some have experienced little social or economic progress since then Change is slow, but apparent Change is slow, but apparent Affirmative action controversial Affirmative action controversial

10. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 10 Hispanics Largest minority group in United States Largest minority group in United States Latinos (historical, cultural ties to Latin America) Latinos (historical, cultural ties to Latin America) Chicanos (historical, cultural ties to Mexico) Chicanos (historical, cultural ties to Mexico) History of immigration, which fuels growth History of immigration, which fuels growth Growing in political power Growing in political power

11. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 11 Immigrants Mexican immigrants among first settlers Mexican immigrants among first settlers Modern immigration influx after 1900 Modern immigration influx after 1900 Quotas lead to illegal alien status Quotas lead to illegal alien status Controversial political issue Controversial political issue Rapid population growth Rapid population growth Asian immigration begin in 19th century, continues to grow Asian immigration begin in 19th century, continues to grow Many Arab American immigrants Many Arab American immigrants Most immigrant groups clustered Most immigrant groups clustered Can increase discrimination against group Can increase discrimination against group Quotas always changing, tendency to restrict Quotas always changing, tendency to restrict

12. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 12 Legal Immigrants by Continent, 1820 to 2008

13. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 13 Religious Minorities Some past evidence of religious discrimination in United States Some past evidence of religious discrimination in United States Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism Misplaced Black anger toward Jews Misplaced Black anger toward Jews Anti-Muslim sentiments Anti-Muslim sentiments Overall, U.S. has good record Overall, U.S. has good record

14. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 14 Sexual Minorities Although majority of population, women still placed in subordinate position Although majority of population, women still placed in subordinate position Most legal discrimination eliminated, but cultural discrimination still exists Most legal discrimination eliminated, but cultural discrimination still exists Limited role in armed forces Limited role in armed forces Pornography Pornography Disproportionate number in government Disproportionate number in government Average earnings less for women Average earnings less for women Glass ceiling or “pink-collar” jobs Glass ceiling or “pink-collar” jobs

15. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 15 Sexual Minorities (continued) Discrimination also exists based on sexual preference (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered) Discrimination also exists based on sexual preference (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered) Armed forces Armed forces Workplace Workplace Marriage Marriage Growing gay rights movement Growing gay rights movement

16. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 16 Age Discrimination Aging is universal (differs from other discrimination) Aging is universal (differs from other discrimination) No clear markers for middle or old age No clear markers for middle or old age Chronological age often not best measure Chronological age often not best measure Technology changing definition of “elderly” Technology changing definition of “elderly” Challenges as older population increases Challenges as older population increases Who will provide and pay for care? Who will provide and pay for care? Keep older workers, or make way for younger workers? Keep older workers, or make way for younger workers? Increasing political clout of elderly Increasing political clout of elderly

17. Copyright © 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 17 Age Distribution of Population