1. 1920s: From the Assembly Line to the Bread Line

2. SOCIETY, CULTURE & VALUES

3. “Boom to Bust” ProhibitionUrbanization Popular EntertainmentHarlem Renaissance Rural AmericaTechnology Women of the ‘20sCulture Clash/Tension

4. Prohibition The noble experiment “wets and dries” Al Capone Alphonse “Scarface” Capone Government agents breaking up an illegal bar during Prohibition

5. URBANIZATION Farm vs. Nonfarm Population, 1880-1980 1920 CENSUS: First time majority of U.S. population in urban areas (towns 2500 or greater) 1920: More workers in factories than on farms

6. POPULAR ENTERTAINMENT: Movies Movie “palaces” “talkies” (1927) 80 million tickets sold per week by 1930 (population: 100 million) (Billy Rose Theatre Collection, The New York Public Library)

7. MASS CULTURE: Radio New mass medium –1920: First commercial radio station –By 1930: over 800 stations & 10 million radios Networks: NBC (1924), CBS (1927) The Spread of Radio, to 1939

8. Celebrities Babe Ruth & Ty Cobb Jack Dempsey Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis Why were we so obsessed with heroes??

9. CONSUMERISM (Escapism?) Electric appliances automobiles advertising buying on credit (Installment) chain stores Consumer Debt, 1920–1931 General Electric ad (Picture Research Consultants & Archives )

10. Automobiles & Consumerism Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved < Ford ad: < Ford ad: “Every family -- with even the most modest income, can now afford a car of their own." “Every family should have their own car...You live but once and the years roll by quickly. Why wait for tomorrow for things that you rightfully should enjoy today?" (Library of Congress) Dodge advertisement photo, 1933

11. Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of African American social thought which was expressed through –Paintings –Music –Dance –Theater –Literature

12. The Negro Speaks of Rivers I've known rivers: I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. I've known rivers: Ancient, dusky rivers. My soul has grown deep like the rivers. (1919) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cKDOGhghMU

13. RURAL AMERICA: PROBLEMS FOR FARMERS

14. Women of the ‘20s 1920 - 19th Amendment Women didn't want to sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt After 1920, more women worked outside the home More women went to college and hoped to join professional community ‘20s woman characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman" –(bobbed hair, short dresses, smoked in public...)

15. The 20’s is The Jazz Age Musicians Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington Jazz link: https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=4 wbNZFS3MDA The Charleston=THE dance craze of the ‘20s http://www.youtu be.com/watch?v= yNAOHtmy4j0

16. Culture Clash and Tension

17. Religion “modernists” “fundamentalism” Scopes Trial Clarence Darrow William Jennings Bryan

18. Essay Question The 1920’s were a period of tension between new and changing attitudes on the one hand and traditional values and nostalgia on the other. What led to the tension between the old and new AND in what ways was the tension manifested?

19. 1920s: From the Assembly Line to the Bread Line

20. How Did We Get From Unprecedented Growth to Total Collapse?

21. Politics of the 1920’s— Business Friendly Government –“Return to normalcy” with “Uncle Warren” –Appointed his friends and Ohio buddies to cabinet positions—Andrew Mellon, Herbert Hoover –Handsome, well-liked, played poker… & that’s about it...did raise tariff rates, which hurt international trade... –Presidency marked by scandal & corruption –Died of a heart attack in San Francisco in August 1923 Harding: 1920-1924

22. Politics of the 1920’s Calvin Coolidge (Silent Cal) 1924-1928 VP to Harding From VT, lived in Northampton, Gov. of MA Supporter of business & limited government intervention Believed in: –Hands off government & economy “The business of America is business!”

23. With Gov’t Out of the Way... An Age of Prosperity Economic expansion Mass Production/Assembly Line Age of the Automobile

24. BUSINESS PROSPERITY ECONOMIC PROSPERITY: productivity: up 50% unemployment: ave. 4% real income: up 25% standard of living: –indoor plumbing –central heating –electricity (2/3 by 1930) CAUSES OF BUSINESS PROSPERITY :  Increased productivity (scientific management, machinery)  Increased use of oil and electricity  Favorable government policy (tax breaks, antitrust) Gross National Product, 1920-1930 Unemployment, 1920-1930

25. How Did We Get From Unprecedented Growth to Total Collapse? Uneven Distribution of Wealth Wealthiest 1% saw 60% rise in income. Majority of population saw an 8% increase. Buying on Credit People began to live beyond their means. Savings rates declined significantly.

26. Over production (Industry and Agriculture) As people reached their credit limits, surplus items piled up. Lack of government regulation Allowed to go unchecked, unprecedented growth  an unstable economy. How Did We Get From Unprecedented Growth to Total Collapse?

27. Global Economic Problems High U.S. tariffs and Post-War problems made Europe unable to pay back war debt—and after the crash, U.S. RAISED tariffs (Hawley-Smoot). Stock Market Speculation 1920: 318 million people owned shares of stock 1929: More than a billion people owned stock Many people were buying stock on margin (on credit)

28. THE CRASH -16 million shares of stock were sold -In that October, stock market lost $16 Billion in value -Crash represented the beginning of a 10- year economic slump - Black Thursday, Oct. 24, 1929 --amid rumors that big investors were about to pull their money out of the market, stocks plunged. --bankers bought millions of $$ in stock to attempt to stabilize the market -Black Tuesday, Oct. 29, 1929 --selling frenzy, virtually no buyers

29. “A Wise Economist Asks a Question” http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=eih67rlG NhU  Photo Analysis

30. Republican Leadership in the 1920s “Return to Normalcy” Warren G. Harding(R) “The business of America is business” Calvin Coolidge(R)

31. “We shall soon... be in sight of the day when poverty shall be banished from this nation. “ (8/1928) Herbert Hoover’ Philosophy and Response (23.4) Hoover believed in “Rugged Individualism” opposed to direct aid—believed gov’t should not provide direct aid, as it would “dim the spirit of the American people.” Provided federal loans for public works projects (Hoover Dam), but this was not enough to combat crisis. (Still, unprecedented level of federal spending) Urged companies to avoid lay-offs and wage cuts—but he was ignored and depression worsened.

32. 1929—1932: The Depression Worsens Despite Hoover’s promise that “Prosperity is ‘round the corner:” 9,000 (20%) banks closed in the few years following the depression $2.5 billion deposits were ultimately lost By 1932, unemployment reached 25% farm income declined by 60% 1929-1932 (Dust Bowl) private charities unable to meet demands

33. Hoover Finally Takes Direct Action Reconstruction Finance Corp Gave emergency loans to stabilize key businesses (ie. banks) EXTREMELY unpopular— gave to banks and businesses, not hungry people! Smoot-Hawley Tariff Raised import taxes to historically high levels... but ultimately crippled international trade.  The nation was increasingly frustrated by Hoover’s unwillingness to give direct aid...

34. Growing Protest & Hoover’s Downfall Summer 1932: WWI Vets wanted bonuses promised to them paid early—march to D.C. After police skirmish at “Bonus Army” camp, Hoover ordered army to clear out the camp of 20,000. MacArthur pursed fleeing vets, burned camp. 4 died (including an infant) and many more injured.  Hoover didn’t stand a chance in 1932 election...  end of Republican control of gov’t “We’d Like to Thank You Herbert Hoover”

36. Election 1932

37. Who is FDR?? 1882Born in Hyde Park, NY 1890Enrolled in Groton Academy 1903Graduated from Harvard  Columbia Law 1905Married Eleanor (5 th cousin, once removed--TRs niece) 1910Elected to NY State Senate 1913Sworn in as Asst. Sec. to the Navy 1920Democratic VP candidate (lost to Harding) 1921Stricken w/ polio—would never walk (unassisted) again 1928Elected Gov. of NY 1932Elected President of the United States

38. FDR’s Personal Qualities He was a practical politician who practiced the art of the possible. He was a charismatic person who exhibited a warmth and understanding of people. He knew how to handle press by focusing attention on Washington. He provided dynamic leadership in a time of crisis. He was willing to experiment

39. FDR promised a “New Deal” — said so in person at Democratic National Convention Won 60% of the popular vote FDR declined Hoover’s offer to help during “lame duck” period Consulted with his “brain trust” of university professors to plan his attack on the Depression

40. Sources of New Deal Ideas Brains Trust: specialists and experts, mostly college professors, idea men New Economists: government spending, deficit spending and public works, government should prime economic pump Roosevelt Cabinet: included conservatives, liberals, Democrats, Republicans, inflationists, anti-inflationists -- often conflicting, compromising, blending ideas

41. http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrfirstinaugural.html

42. Action/ Experimentation

43. FDR Takes Action After being sworn in, FDR called Congress into a 100-day long session Congress passed every law FDR requested  “Alphabet Agencies” to combat the Depression FDR’s three primary goals were: –Relief (immediate—for people out of work) –Recovery (for business and the economy—to get it back on track) –Reform (of American economic institutions—long-term change) Made good on a campaign promise to end Prohibition First major focus was the banking system in the U.S., and he ordered all banks closed on March 6, 1933...

44. Banking Reform Perhaps more than anything else, the crippled banking system prevented economic recovery March 12, 1933, FDR delivered his first fireside chat to explain his plan: –Emergency Banking Relief Act: allowed gov’t to examine banks closed during the “bank holiday” and reopen ONLY the safe banks –Urged public to dig up their jars of money and return to the banks! –March 13, there were lines outside most as people re- opened savings accounts Glass-Steagall Act: Authorized the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to provide insurance for bank deposits.

46. CCC

47. AAA

48. NIRA/ NRA

49. TVA

50. The New Deal Under Attack

51. Criticisms of Conservative Opponents Conservative opponents said the New Deal went too far: –It was socialism (killed individualism) –It added to the national debt ($35 billion) –It wasted money on relief and encouraged idleness –It violated the constitution & states rights –It increased the power of the Presidency (FDR was reaching toward dictatorship, Congress a rubber stamp, independence of judiciary threatened, separation of powers shattered)

52. The Supreme Court Responds In 1935, the NIRA and AAA were declared unconstitutional: –The NIRA gave fed. gov’t too much power within states and “illegally restrained trade.” –The AAA was struck down for similar reasons.

53. Rise of the Demagogues Demagogue: 1.political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using rational argument.  These personalities believed the New Deal was not doing enough...

54. Father Charles E. Coughlin Father Charles Coughlin was a rabble-rousing radio priest from Detroit. His broadcasts were called the “Golden Hour of the Little Flower.” He claimed there was an international bankers conspiracy and Jews were responsible. He advocated nationalization of banking and currency and national resources and demanded a “living wage.” Finally forced off the air by the Vatican!

55. Senator Huey Long (LA) Senator Huey Long citicized “the wealthy parasites who preyed on the poor.” Claimed New Deal relief measures were mere crumbs and advocated a “Share Our Wealth” plan that guaranteed an annual income of at least $5,000 for every American, financed by confiscating wealth of people who made over $1 million per year. Became Gov. of LA and had his own private police force before being assassinated.

56. Dr. Francis E. Townsend Dr. Francis E. Townsend was an elderly physician from CA. He had a plan for the federal government to pay $200 per month to unemployed people over 60. The program would be financed by a 2% national sales tax and each retiree would be required to spend the money in 30 days. This would stimulate the economy/open jobs for the youth. Helped inspire the Social Security Act, although Townsend believed the program was inadequate.

57. Election of 1936 FDR vs. Alfred Landon (Kan) FDR had the support of: –Organized labor –Midwestern farmers –African Americans (esp. N) –Middle class families (grew during this period) –Elderly (SSA) –Jews –Intellectuals –Progressive republicans –White southerners One of the biggest landslides in U.S. History 

58. FDR believed his victory gave him a mandate to continue his New Deal policies... Despite recent Supreme Court opposition. FDR proposed adding a judge for every member of the court over 70 years old, changing the # of judges changed from 9  15.  GREAT opposition  FDR withdrew this proposal BUT judges retired & FDR got to appoint new ones  they approved nearly all New Deal legislation. FDR’s “Court-Packing Plan”

59. Court Packing

61. The Legacy of the New Deal

62. Rehabilitation of the Land Attacked soil erosion Built dams and planted trees to prevent floods Reclaimed the grasslands of the Great Plains Developed water power resources Encouraged regional reconstruction projects like the TVA and Columbia River project

63. Human Rehabilitation Established the principle that government has responsibility for the health, welfare, and security, as well as the protection and education of its citizens Redefined the concept of democracy so that it included not only political rights but economic security and social justice as well.

64. Revitalization of Politics Strengthened executive branch/reasserted presidential leadership Side note: Signaled shift of African American vote from (Civil War-era) Republicans to (New Deal) Democrats

65. Maintenance of a Democratic System The New Deal maintained a democratic system of government and society in a world threatened by totalitarianism. –Increased size and scope of government to meet needs of the depression –Provided the leadership that enabled Congress to put through the necessary relief, recovery, and reform measures. –Sponsored moderate legislation to neutralize the popularity of radical opponents

68. Government Expenditures Figures in parentheses have been adjusted for inflation: Louisiana Purchase: Cost: $15 million ($217 billion) Race to the Moon: Cost: $36.4 billion ($237 billion) Korean War: Cost: $54 billion ($454 billion) The New Deal: Cost: $32 billion est.($500 billion est.) Invasion of Iraq: Cost: $551 billion ($597 billion) Vietnam War: Cost: $111 billion ($698 billion) *At the end of the day, the New Deal did not actually end the Great Depression...

69. So—Where do you stand?