1. L27:Lower Power Algorithm for Multimedia Systems 1999. 8 성균관대학교 조 준 동 http://vada.skku.ac.kr

2. Contents Algorithmic Effects on Low Power Low Power Management Low Power Applications –Low Power Video Processor –Single Chip Video Camera –Vector Quantization –Data Encoding –CDMA Searcher –Viterbi Decoder

3. Low Power Algorithm

4. Algorithm Selection Example: 8x8 matrix DCT

5. Strength Reduction: DIGLOG multiplier 1st Iter 2nd Iter 3rd Iter Worst-case error -25% -6% -1.6% Prob. of Error<1% 10% 70% 99.8% With an 8 by 8 multiplier, the exact result can be obtained at a maximum of seven iteration steps (worst case)

6. Logarithmic Number System --> Significant Strength Reduction

7. Switching Activity Reduction (a) Average activity in a multiplier as a function of the constant value (b) A parallel and serial implementations of an adder tree.

8. System-Level Solutions System management, System partitioning, Algorithm selection Precompute physical capacitance of Interconnect and switching activity (number of bus accesses) Regularity: to minimize the power in the control hardware and the interconnection network. Modularity: to exploit data locality through distributed processing units, memories and control. –Spatial locality: an algorithm can be partitioned into natural clusters based on connectivity – Temporal locality:average lifetimes of variables (less temporal storage, probability of future accesses referenced in the recent past). Few memory references: since references to memories are expensive in terms of power.

9. System-Level Solutions - cont. Simulator: Instruction-level Energy Estimation Software: Energy Efficient Algorithms OS: Voltage Scheduling Algorithms OS: Multiprocessing for Energy Microprocessor: Dynamic Caches

10. Processor Systems:high Power Thinkpad (Pentium)  0.3 Hours/AA InfoPad (ARM)  0.8 Hours/AA Toshiba Portable (486)  0.9 Hours/AA Newton (ARM)  2.0 Hours/AA Operations per Battery Life: Minimize Energy Consumed per Operation Operations per Second: Maximize Throughput  Operations/ second

11. DPM vs SPM DPM (Dynamic Power Management): stops the clock switching of a specific unit generated by clock generators. SPM (Static Power Management): When the system remains idle for a significant period time, then it is shut-down. Identify power hungry modules and look for opportunities to reduce power

12. V dd vs Delay Use Variable Voltage Scaling or Scheduling for Real-time Processing Use architecture optimization to compensate for slower operation, e.g., Parallel Processing and Pipelining for concurrent increasing and critical path reducing. Scale down device sizes to compensate for delay (Interconnects do not scale proportionately and can become dominant)

13. Power PC 603 Strategy Baseline: use right supply and right frequency to each part of the system If one has to wait on the occurence of some input, only a small circuit could wait and wake-up the main circuit when the input occurs. PowerPC 603 is a 2-issue (2 instructions read at a time) with 5 parallel Execution units. 4 modes: – Full on mode for full speed –Doze mode in which the execution units are not running –Nap mode which also stops the bus clocking and the Sleep mode which stops the clock generator –Sleep mode which stops the clock generator with or without the PLL (20-100mW).

14. Power PC 603 Power Management

15. TI Structures Two DSPs: TMS320C541, TMS320C542 reduce power and chip count and system cost for wireless communication applications C54X DSPs, 2.7V, 5V, Low-Power Enhanced Architecture DSP (LEAD) family: Three different power down modes, these devices are well-suited for wireless communications products such as digital cellular phones, personal digital assistants, and wireless modem,low power on voice coding and decoding The TMS320LC548 features: –15-ns (66 MIPS) or 20-ns (50 MIPS) instruction cycle times – 3.0- and 3.3-V operation 32K 16-bit words of RAM and 2K 16-bit words of boot ROM on-chip Integrated Viterbi accelerator that reduces Viterbi butterfly update in four instruction cycles for GSM channel decoding Powerful single-cycle instructions (dual operand, parallel instructions, conditional instructions)

16. InfoPad Architecture, UC-Berkeley Speech Recognizer “PadServer” Wireless Basestation InfoPad Maintain state in the network, not on the Pad Transmit audio and raw bitmaps across the wireless link Web Browser Internet Example: Hand-held speech-enabled web-browser Perform all computation in the network to minimize client energy dissipation

17. InfoPad Hardware Flexibility Only header sent to microprocessor 10 MIPS μProcessor Control Statistics Reliability Debugging Entire packet routed to dedicated hardware RX Packet Packet Header Frame- buffer update Embedded software responsible for high-level functions Main data-flow handled by custom low-power ASICs Radio Frame Buffer Use hardware/software integration to provide energy-efficient high-level functionality

18. Multimedia I/O Terminal.

19. Multimedia I/O terminal

20. InfoPad Evolution Total Power: ~7 W Where did the power go? No local computation? Commercial radios Commercial DC/DC Inefficient implementation Intercom Energy- Efficient Processors InfoPad High-level system design optimizes complete solution and drives new research

21. Power-Down Techniques

22. Low Power Memory