1. BIOS 162 Graduate Review Renal II November 28, 2011

2. Ways to measure kidney function Proteinuria – Normal=no protein in urine Albumin-to-creatinine ratio – Normal=30ug/mg eGFR of creatinine – Calculated from blood creatinine Blood creatinine – a creatinine level of 1.7 mg/dL for most men and 1.4 mg/dL for most women to 50 percent of normal kidney function Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

3. Based on what we know about the kidney, give an explanation why blood pressure may increase with age. GFR declines with age, dropping by about 40 – 50% between the ages of 30 and 90. A decrease in GFR is a signal for the kidney to retain salt and water, and triggers the release of substances that raise blood pressure

4. What effect does increasing GFR have on sodium levels? Increased GFR means that more sodium is filtered, and therefore that more sodium can be excreted. Therefore, increased GFR increases sodium excretion.

5. What is the difference between ADH and vasopressin? None, they’re the same hormone

6. How do people become dehydrated after drinking alcohol? Alcohol (ethanol) inhibits release of ADH, and therefore keeps the distal tubules and collecting ducts impermeable to water. Therefore, less water can be reabsorbed and more is excreted, leading to dehydration.