1. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model In the PRAM model, processors communicate by reading from and writing to the shared memory locations.

2. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model The power of a PRAM depends on the kind of access to the shared memory locations.

3. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model In every clock cycle, In the Exclusive Read Exclusive Write (EREW) PRAM, each memory location can be accessed only by one processor. In the Concurrent Read Exclusive Write (CREW) PRAM, multiple processor can read from the same memory location, but only one processor can write.

4. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model In the Concurrent Read Concurrent Write (CRCW) PRAM, multiple processor can read from or write to the same memory location.

5. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model It is easy to allow concurrent reading. However, concurrent writing gives rise to conflicts. If multiple processors write to the same memory location simultaneously, it is not clear what is written to the memory location.

6. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model In the Common CRCW PRAM, all the processors must write the same value. In the Arbitrary CRCW PRAM, one of the processors arbitrarily succeeds in writing. In the Priority CRCW PRAM, processors have priorities associated with them and the highest priority processor succeeds in writing.

7. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model The EREW PRAM is the weakest and the Priority CRCW PRAM is the strongest PRAM model. The relative powers of the different PRAM models are as follows.

8. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model An algorithm designed for a weaker model can be executed within the same time and work complexities on a stronger model.

9. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model We say model A is less powerful compared to model B if either: the time complexity for solving a problem is asymptotically less in model B as compared to model A. or, if the time complexities are the same, the processor or work complexity is asymptotically less in model B as compared to model A.

10. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Classification of the PRAM model An algorithm designed for a stronger PRAM model can be simulated on a weaker model either with asymptotically more processors (work) or with asymptotically more time.

11. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Adding n numbers on a PRAM

12. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Adding n numbers on a PRAM This algorithm works on the EREW PRAM model as there are no read or write conflicts. We will use this algorithm to design a matrix multiplication algorithm on the EREW PRAM.

13. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures For simplicity, we assume that n = 2 p for some integer p. Matrix multiplication

14. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Matrix multiplication Each can be computed in parallel. We allocate n processors for computing c i,j. Suppose these processors are P 1, P 2,…,P n. In the first time step, processor computes the product a i,m x b m,j. We have now n numbers and we use the addition algorithm to sum these n numbers in log n time.

15. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Matrix multiplication Computing each takes n processors and log n time. Since there are n 2 such c i,j s, we need overall O( n 3 ) processors and O(log n ) time. The processor requirement can be reduced to O( n 3 / log n ). Exercise ! Hence, the work complexity is O( n 3 )

16. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Matrix multiplication However, this algorithm requires concurrent read capability. Note that, each element a i,j (and b i,j ) participates in computing n elements from the C matrix. Hence n different processors will try to read each a i,j (and b i,j ) in our algorithm.

17. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures For simplicity, we assume that n = 2 p for some integer p. Matrix multiplication

18. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Matrix multiplication Hence our algorithm runs on the CREW PRAM and we need to avoid the read conflicts to make it run on the EREW PRAM. We will create n copies of each of the elements a i,j (and b i,j ). Then one copy can be used for computing each c i,j.

19. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Matrix multiplication Creating n copies of a number in O (log n ) time using O ( n ) processors on the EREW PRAM. In the first step, one processor reads the number and creates a copy. Hence, there are two copies now. In the second step, two processors read these two copies and create four copies.

20. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Matrix multiplication Since the number of copies doubles in every step, n copies are created in O(log n ) steps. Though we need n processors, the processor requirement can be reduced to O ( n / log n ). Exercise !

21. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Matrix multiplication Since there are n 2 elements in the matrix A (and in B ), we need O ( n 3 / log n ) processors and O (log n ) time to create n copies of each element. After this, there are no read conflicts in our algorithm. The overall matrix multiplication algorithm now take O (log n ) time and O ( n 3 / log n ) processors on the EREW PRAM.

22. Advanced Topics in Algorithms and Data Structures Matrix multiplication The memory requirement is of course much higher for the EREW PRAM.