1. Ch.14 Mendel and the Gene Idea These notes are going to be relatively short because I believe practicing with problems is the best way to cover genetics. Obviously, this is Gregor Mendel.

2. Mendel’s discoveries A Blending- Hereditary material- Both parents contribute genetic material. BInheritable factors, genes are passed from generation to generation

4. Pea experiments 1. Worked with 7 traits 2. Used purebreeding plants first then crossed them.

5. Mendels Pea Crosses

6. Law of independent assortment-see Law of independent assortment-see random orientation in ch.16.. ahomologous chromosomes move independently. bEx. Chromosome with A or a will go separate from chromosome with B or b.

7. Law of Segregation Homologous pairs segregate during gamete formation(meiosis ) and pair again after fertilization Ex. If a pea is Pp then half the gametes will receive a P and half a p.

8. Know the vocabulary Homozygous Heterozygous Phenotype Genotype

9. Testcross- Mating an unkown to a homozygous recessive

10. Monohybrid Cross- a cross between parents that are heterozygous for one trait.

11. Dihybrid Cross

12. Incomplete dominance Incomplete dominance leads to a blending of traits, red + white yields pink

13. Codominance - is not a blending but a mixing of the traits

14. Codominance Codominance - A and B are both dominant to O but not to each other, giving the AB blood type

15. Epistasis One gene has an effect on another. C leads to deposition of color while B or b leads to color BBcc would be white even though the genes code for black color.

16. Polygenic inheritance Combinations of genes can yield cumulative effects. The more dominant alleles the more color.

17. Environmental Effects Sometimes the environment can change the way a gene is expressed, like these hydrangia, and the color based on pH of the soil.

18. Pleiotropy One gene can have an effect on other parts of the body. The sickle cell gene which causes problems with blood cells has far reaching affects on the body.

19. Pedigree analysis- square is male,circle is female.

20. Achondroplasia

21. Amniocentesis

22. Cystic Fibrosis

23. Sickle Cell Anemia

24. Tay- sachs

25. Huntington’s Corea

26. Sample problems Mendel crossed short and tall pea plants(purebred cross) TT x tt = P gen. t t T Tt Tt All offspring are heterozygous T Tt Tt All are tall (Tt)

27. Mendel crossed round, yellow pea plants to wrinkled, green pea plants (RRYY x rryy) The only possible gametes are RY from parent 1 and ry from parent 2 so ry ry RY RrYyRrYy All offspring are round RY RrYy RrYy and yellow (RrYy)

28. Monohybrid Cross -two heterozygotes mated Tt xTt T t T TT Tt 1TT:2Tt:1tt t Tt tt 3 tall: 1 short

29. Dihybrid cross Heterozygotes for 2 traits are crossed RrYy x RrYy You can make the folowing gametes for each parent RY,Ry,rY,ry, this means a four by four box as in the next slide

30. Dihybrid Cross

31. Dihybrid crosses can also be done like this; R r Y y R RR Rr Y YY Yy r Rr rr y Yy yy Now calculate the chances of RRYY (1/4 x 1/4) RRYy (1/4 x2/4) RrYY (2/4 x 1/4) RRyy (1/4 x 1/4) RrYy ( 2/4 x 2/4) Rryy (2/4 x 1/4) rrYY (1/4 x/1/4) rrYy (1/4 x 2/4) rryy (1/4 x 1/4)