1. Mendel & Genetics Review Powerpoint
Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics.

2. Genetics is the study of…
heredity

3. Define Heredity.
The passing on of traits from one generation to the next.

4. Where is genetic information stored?
DNA
Specifically, in each individual’s DNA on chromosomes that contain many genes.

5. What did Mendel study to understand inheritance?
Common garden pea plants
Why did he choose pea plants?
1--Fast growing with many offspring = quick results
2—Sexually Reproduce and male as well as female reproductive organs in each plant
3—Traits come in a dichotomy—only two forms.
Like tall and short or green and yellow

6. What did Mendel call true breeding?
Plants that come from a long line of plants that show the same trait
When he crossed two true-breeding plants with opposite traits, he called this what?
The “P” cross for Parental generation

7. What two individuals did Mendel cross in the P generation?
True-breeding Tall and Short pea plants
Genotypes?
Tall = TT
Short = tt

8. What resulted in the F1 generation?
Pea plants that were…
Phenotypes?
All TALL
Genotype?
All “Tt”

9. What was Mendel’s next step?
He crossed two F1 plants.
What results did he get?
The F2 generation
What interesting ratio did he find?
They were 3:1 (dominant to recessive)

10. What is the Law of Segregation?
1--Individuals must have two copies of genetic information for every trait– one from each parent
2—each copy is passed randomly
3—One of these copies (alleles) can mask the expression of the other, ie. Dominant alleles can mask recessive alleles when both are present

11. What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
Alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation
What does that mean?
The allele a parent gives for one trait does not affect what he/she gives for another trait so you can have many different combinations of traits given to the egg or sperm

12. What are alleles? Different forms of the same gene for a trait
When an individual has two of the same allele, the genotype is called…
Homozygous
When there are two different alleles, it is…
Heterozygous

13. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is
the type of genes or alleles
Phenotype is
What is looks like--The physical appearance of the organism

14. Monohybrid vs. Dihybrid
Mono hybrid: a cross when there is just one trait involved, ex.
Height: Tt X tt
Di hybrid: Two traits are involved, ex.
The horse’s coat and gait are crossed
FFGg X Ffgg

15. Sex-linked Inheritance
Autosomes are chromosomes not on the.. X or y chromosomes
Sex-linked characteristics are always on…
The X-chromosome
Give an example of a sex-linked condition
Hemophilia
Why does it occur more in males?
Males only inherit 1 X-chromosome so there is a better chance they would express (whether its dominant or recessive) the condition.

16. Contrast a Punnett Square and a Pedigree
A Punnett Square is…
a grid that predicts the types of possible offspring from a cross
A Pedigree is..
A diagram that shows a family tree and how traits pass from generation to generation

17. Pedigree or Punnett Square?

18. Is this a monohybrid or dihybrid cross?

19. Modes of Dominance: 1--Complete dominance…
One allele is completely dominant over the recessive and the recessive is masked in a heterozygous individual
2--Incomplete dominance..
The dominant does not completely mask the recessive and the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two- an intermediate variation.
There are three possible phenotypes.

20. More modes of inheritance
3-- Co dominance..
More than one genotype is dominant and when two of these are together, they form another phenotype
4– Multiple alleles..
These traits have 3 or more alleles
Example of both codominance and multiple alleles..
blood types. How many blood types are possible?
Four-- They are..
A, B, AB, and O

21. Modes of Inheritance cont.
5-- Polygenic Inheritance: traits that are..
controlled by multiple genes pairs.
This makes many variations of color and trait possible
What are characteristics controlled by multiple pairs of alleles?
Human hair and eye color