1. Forestry & Society Silviculture HORT/RGSC 302 J.G. Mexal Fall 2005

2. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Outline Allowable Cut Effect Site Index (SI) Regeneration Stocking Thinning Fertilization Competition Control Pruning Wood Quality Agroforestry

3. Forestry & Society Allowable cut / Kimmins Allowable Cut = 1/6/decade Function of: site index, silviculture, tree improvement, rotation age

4. Forestry & Society Site Index Site Index is a measure of site productivity and refers to the height of dominant and codominant trees in even-aged stands at a particular index age, usually 25, 50, or 100 years. Site Index is a function of environmental factors (soil depth, rainfall, tree species, growing season).

7. Forestry & Society Site Index (SI 50 )/ Wenger 1984 Years Height (ft) Loblolly pine Douglas-fir in WA

8. Forestry & Society Site Index (SI 50 )/ Wenger 1984 Years Height (ft) Ponderosa pine in CA SI 50 SI 100

9. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Site Quality/ Schultz 1997 Southwide Flatwoods (heavy clay) Plantation age (yrs) Southern Pines SI 25

10. Forestry & Society Silviculture/DBH vs Hgt & Biomass - Shepherd1986 Biomass (kg) Height (m) 24 20 16 12 8 4 DBH (cm) Pinus radiata- NZ-16 yr plantation

11. 50 607080 Site Index Dry Weight (ton/ac) Age Needles Branches Total Forestry & Society Silviculture/Site Quality vs Biomass Distribution/ Tree Physiol. 3:42:1987

12. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Outline Allowable Cut Effect Site Index (SI) Regeneration Stocking Thinning Fertilization Competition Control Pruning Wood Quality Agroforestry

13. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Natural Regeneration Time 2,000,000 200,000 20,000 2,000 200 No./ha Volume Growth (m 3 /ha/yr) 5 10 15 20

14. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Artificial Regeneration Time 2,000,000 200,000 20,000 2,000 200 No./ha Volume Growth (m 3 /ha/yr) 5 10 15 20

15. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Clearcut does not eliminate species (necessarily)/ Bettis, 9th So.Silv.Res.Conf. Planted 600 tpa Stems/acre Pine Oak Ridge, TN

16. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Clearcut does not eliminate species (necessarily)/ J.For. 24(1)37-44:2000 Stems/acre Coastal Plain, AL * * Planted 300 tpa

17. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Change is Inevitable / Mich. Forest Ecology 1964 Trees/acre B.A. ft 2 /ac

18. Forestry & Society Silviculture/ Change is Inevitable Forest Ecology, 1964 Year DBH (in) D DDD Pseudotsuga menziesii - NZ

19. Forestry & Society Old Orchard Plantation (NC)/Pinus strobus March1899April 1999 thinned J. For. 98:18-23:2000 SI 75 SI 56 SI 71 thinned BA (ft 2 /ac) Years

20. Forestry & Society Old Orchard Plantation (NC)/Pinus strobus 1 % = % standing volume (gross volume less removals and mortality)

21. Forestry & Society Conversion from Even-Aged to Uneven- Aged/ GTR SO 118, 1996 Southern Pine - 50 yrs old Removed 2,114 b.f. Reproduction DBH (in) Before After

22. Forestry & Society Conversion from Even-Aged to Uneven- Aged/ GTR SO 118, 1996 Southern Pine - 50 yrs old Reproduction

23. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Changing Harvest Strategies/ USFS SO-112, 1994 Ouachita Nat’l For. Harvested Acres Clearcut

24. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Changing NFS Harvest Strategies/ Policy Studies J. 23:274:1995

25. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Harvest Marking Costs / USFS SO-112, 1994 $/100 ft 3 Southern Pines/ Ouachita N.F. AR Harvesting Method

26. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Harvest Costs / SJAF 18:168-174: $/CCF Southern Pines/ Ouachita N.F. AR Harvesting Method Cable Skidder Grapple Skidder Felling

27. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Thinning Method vs Damage/ WJAF 15:27-33:2000 Residual Stand (tpa) Scar Area (ft 2 /ac) Pseudotsuga menziesii- OR

28. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Outline Allowable Cut Effect Site Index (SI) Regeneration Stocking Thinning Fertilization Competition Control Pruning Wood Quality Agroforestry

29. Forestry & Society Silviculture/ Stocking affects Growth/ Shepherd 1986 Basal Area DBH Stocking (trees/ha) DBH (cm) or BA (m 2 /ha)

30. Forestry & Society Silviculture/ Stocking affects Growth/ USDA Hndbk 713, 1997 Trees/ha DBH (cm) Pinus taeda

31. Forestry & Society Silviculture/ Stocking affects Biomass Distribution/ Shepherd 1986 92 127 171 190 (tons/ha) Pinus resinosa- (27 yrs) k

32. Forestry & Society Silviculture/ Stocking affects Biomass Distribution/ Shepherd 1986 Pinus resinosa- (27 yrs) 2.4m 1.7m 1.2m 1.0m Trees/ha 550 107022204330 crown diameter 170 kg 120 kg80 kg40 kg Biomass

33. Forestry & Society Silviculture/ Stocking affects Volume Growth/ Shepherd 1986 Basal Area (m 2 /ha) Volume growth (m 3 /ha) Pinus radiata- NZ

34. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Outline Allowable Cut Effect Site Index (SI) Regeneration Stocking Thinning Fertilization Competition Control Pruning Wood Quality Agroforestry

35. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Weed Control & Fertilization/ New For. 14:233:’97 Herbaceous Cover (kg/ha) Tree Volume (m 3 )

36. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Fertilization/ Shepherd 1986 Fertilizer Regime Height (m) Pinus radiata - 3.5 yr)

37. Ponderosa pine growth after 31 yrs vs competition/ PSW-RP-231, ‘97 Survival = 99% DBH = 7.8 cm Cover = 24,000 ft 2 /ac Pine cover = 100% Survival = 98% DBH = 6.11 cm Cover = 24,200 ft 2 /ac Pine cover = 50% Survival = 98% DBH = 4.56 cm Cover = 33,500 ft 2 /ac Pine cover = 33% Survival = 81% DBH =2.148 cm Cover = 33,150 ft 2 /ac Pine cover = 12%

38. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Fertilization + Weed Control/ Shepherd 1986 Fertilizer Regime Height (m) Pinus radiata - NZ(4 yr)

39. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Fertilization + Weed Control/ Shepherd 1986 Height (m) Pinus radiata - NZ(4 yr)

40. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Fertilization vs Growth/ Schultz 1997 DBH (cm) Southern Pines

41. Forestry & Society Silviculture/ Stocking affects Volume Growth/ PNW-RP-513, 1999 Treatment (initiated @ Age 9) Volume (cu ft) Douglas-fir-OR Plantation age

42. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Outline Allowable Cut Effect Site Index (SI) Regeneration Stocking Thinning Fertilization Competition Control Pruning Wood Quality Agroforestry

43. Forestry & Society Piece Size vs Value/ Barbour, USFS- 1999 8 foot log small end diameter (in) Value/log ($) veneer lumber pulp fuel

44. Forestry & Society Product vs Value

46. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Pruning vs Diameter Growth/ Shepherd 1986 DBH (cm) Yr-6 Yr-7Yr-8Yr-9 Pruning Year C CCCPPPP 52% 40% 32% 26% % pruned Pinus radiata/NZ

47. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Pruning vs Clear wood/ Shepherd 1986 Pinus radiata/NZ 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1st lift 2nd lift 3rd lift 0 10 20 Diameter from center (cm) Height (m) Clearwood zone Knotty core

48. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Management Affects Runoff /Erosion in Alabama Grace, JSoilWaterConsv 59:160:04 Rainfall event (mm) Runoff (mm)

49. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Management Affects Runoff /Erosion in Alabama Grace, JSoilWaterConsv 59:160:04 Rainfall event (mm) Erosion (t/ha) Erosion Control = 0.07 t/ha/yr (20 mo) Clearcut = 0.8 t/ha/yr (20 mo)

50. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Outline Allowable Cut Effect Site Index (SI) Regeneration Stocking Thinning Fertilization Competition Control Pruning Wood Quality Agroforestry

52. H/R 302 Forestry & Society Agroforestry Systems/ Clason & Robinson JF98:2000 Yr 20 520 tpa BA = 209 ft 2 Ht = 58’ DBH = 8.6 “ 250 tpa 27 cords/ac Yr 25 100 tpa 3 cords + 1,600 BF/ac Yr 30 50 tpa 1 cords + 2,100 BF/ac Yr 35 0 tpa 1 cords + 3,100 BF/ac Yr 25 50 tpa 3 cords + 2,000 BF/ Yr 30 50 tpa 0 cords + 3,000 BF/ Yr 35 0 tpa 0 cords + 4,000 BF/ 100 tpa 33 cords/ac Silvopasture Silviculture + 1 - 4 tons forage/ac/yr Establishment costs of pasture = $260-$470/ac @ yr 20 Annual fertilizer application ($60/ac/yr) to pasture also increases wood yield

53. H/R 302 Forestry & Society Agroforestry Systems/ PSW-RP-242, 1999 Year Height (ft) Ponderosa pine, CA

54. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Foliage Biomass vs Height/ Shepherd 1986 Height (m) Needle/total biomass (%)

55. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Foliage Biomass vs Age/ Shepherd 1986 Plantation Age (yrs) Foliage Biomass (t/ha)

56. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Review Questions Define: allowable cut, site index, BA, rotation age, false ring, clear cut Describe different silvicultural practices (e.g. fertilization, weed control, etc), their uses and forest response. What is the -3/2 rule? How is it used in forestry? Describe the process of conversion from even- aged to uneven-aged management to a forest. Why would you want to do that?

57. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Review Questions Discuss the changes in species composition, stocking and size over time in a forest ecosystem. Discuss the effects of clear-cutting and planting only one species on tree species diversity. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of low stocking (300 trees/acre) compared to high sticking (1,000 trees/acre). What is agroforestry and why is it practiced? Compare natural vs artificial regeneration.

58. Forestry & Society Silviculture/Review Questions What is the average DBH of sugar maple in a forest where there are 200 tpa with a BA of 60 ft 2 /ac Discuss the costs both economic and biologically of different harvest strategies.