1. Russians in the Baltic States: Multiple Identities and Diverse Futures Victor Makarov PhD Candidate, University of Helsinki

2. Overview Why Study Russian identities? Russians as a population group Individual identity adaptation strategies Russian Collective identities: political and cultural Brubaker’s Trangle: The fourth angle? Multilayer identities: Russians as model Europeans

3. EASTERN SLAVIC POPULATION IN THE BALTIC STATES Pre-SovietSovietPost-SovietN, 1000 Latvia 10% *1935 42% *1989 35% *2006 797 Lithuania 3 % * 1923 12 % * 1989 8% * 2001 285 Estonia 8,2 % * 1922 35% * 1989 29% * 2000 397 Total> 1.5 mln

4. Attitudes towards Communism LT

5. Attitudes towards Communism LV

6. Attitudes towards Communism EE

7. Attitudes towards Authoritarian rule LT

8. Attitudes towards Authoritarian rule LV

9. Attitudes towards Authoritarian rule EE

10. European Identities EstoniaLatviaLithuania EstRusLatRusLitRus Q. With which one of the following do you most closely identify yourself? And which do you identify with secondly? Nation-state first472572553 Integrated national271212285 Russian or Soviet273260255 Local, regional only118 22623 European1115811108 Other0-0104 Don’t Know1011-2 New Baltic Barometer V, Autumn, 2001, N=3,133. Source: R. Rose, S. Berglund, 2004