1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Traditional Farming Methods
List all of the MACHINES in the picture.
How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture?
What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here?
Using the picture, write a sentence describing life before industrialization.

3. Farming in the Middle Ages
Villages feed themselves ( subsistence farming)
One of three fields left fallow (empty) to regain fertility
Animals grazed in common pastures
Disadvantages
Land use is inefficient
Farmers did not experiment with new farming methods

4. A Medieval Village
Video

5. I. The Agricultural Revolution
Improvements in farming methods in the 1700’s boost crop yields and lead to enclosed lands
Scientific Farming: keeping records of out put
Jethro Tull: seed drill 1721
Charles Townshend: Crop rotation
Robert Bakewell: Livestock breeding.
Enclosure movement Landowner rented fields to families as tenant farmers.. They sometimes put up a fence.
Scientific Farming –kept records and used to compare and contrast
Charles Townshend: Crop rotation, Plant whaet and barley next year turnips.
Livestock Breeding allowed only the best animals to breed and increased their weight.
Cows 370 lbs – 840 lbs from

6. Enclosure Movement
Wealthy landowners fenced in pastures & began experimenting with new farming techniques
Villages lost common lands and political power
Peasants became poorer

7. Make a Prediction
Q. What will be the cause and effect of the technological advances in agriculture?
More Food = nutrition, healthier, population increases.
Work done by machines less of a need for farmers.
Many small farmers lose their land, move to the city and become workers.
More food = nutrition improved, less hunger, enclosure movement forced many off the land some went to the cities or to America.
Population rises. It took 400 years for the European population to double
It would only take 100 years for the population to double again
Edward Jenner’s Small Pox vaccination
Married younger had children sooner this would help quicken the industrial progress

8. II. Ideal Conditions for Britain
Factors of Production- Land, Labor, and Capital
Natural Resources: water, coal and iron.
Geography: many harbors, 6000 merchant ships.
Science and Technology
Banking: loans and investment
Political Stability: free from Napoleonic Wars
Natural Resources: water, coal and iron. Iron ore used for machines, tools and buildings
Geography: many harbors, 6000 merchant ships. Access to raw materials and markets. A wealthy class of of ship owners and merchants.
Science and Technology Climate is ideal interested in science and technology The Royal Society, the Lunar Society. entrepreneurs interested in investing in the manufacturing of new inventions.
Banking: loans and investment Most highly developed banking system in the world. Loans with interest. Invested in better machines, factories and expansion.
Political Stability: free from Napoleonic Wars on British soil. The government favored economic growth.

9. III. The Product Britain leads the way Raw Wool Linen
Cotton: High demand but too expensive.
Great Britain led the way because the feudal system had long since been abandoned. Franc and Belgium system clung longer to the old ways. This brought change to industry to be slower.
Inventions
leading sheep raising areas. Raw and wool cloth. Produced by hand by spinners and weavers at home using hand looms and wheels.
Linen from the flax plant
Cotton is light and durable demand for cotton is high profits could be made if only the work could speed up.
Cotton exports increased 10 fold.Exporting more than it was used at home.
In 1789 Robert Owen started a mill with 100 pounds. Twenty years later he sold his mill for 24,000 pounds.

10. IV. The Inventions and Inventors
John Kay : The Flying Shuttle
Weaver can work twice as fast.
A.John Kay : The Flying Shuttle
Weaver can work twice as fast.
Problem need for better spinning machines.

11. B. James Hargreaves The Spinning Jenny 6 – 8 threads at one time.
A.John Kay : The Flying Shuttle
Weaver can work twice as fast.
Problem need for better spinning machines.
Later models could produce 80 threads

12. C. Richard Arkwright The Waterframe 1769
Needed fast flowing streams to drive spinning wheels
The Waterframe 1769
Needed fast flowing streams to drive spinning wheels

13. D. Samuel Crompton Spinning Jenny + the water frame = Spinning Mule
Bulky and expensive.
Set up in large buildings = Factories.
Spinning Jenny + the water frame =
Spinning Mule
Bulky and $$$
Set up in large buildings
Factories
1813: 2,000 were in use
1833: 100,00 were in use
Cotton growers can not keep up with demand.

14. F. Eli Whitney Cotton Gin Makes slavery profitable
bales produced.
,000 bales produced.
Video
Cotton Gin
Makes slavery profitable
bales
1793 invented
,000 bales
1850 Two billion yards of cotton cloth is manufactured 5000% increase.

15. Questions? What are the benefits so far in the new machines?
How are they powered?
How is this a limitation?
How would you improve them?

16. Mining British Coal production increasing in 1700s
Problem: dig deep and hit water
Solution Newcomen Steam engine: drove pump
James Watt ( ) found ways to dramatically increase efficiency of steam power
Steam power perfect for running jennies and looms
A solution to problem in weaving was found in technical innovation developed for mining
A Newcomen Pump

17. G. James Watt 1765 efficient steam engine. Teams up with Mathew Bolton
Entrepreneurs: organizes, manages and takes risks in business.
Video
Water power far from raw materials, workers and markets.
1705 steam powered pumps to remove water from mines called the NEWCOMMEN ENGINE
1765 efficient steam engine.
Teams up with Mathew Bolton
Entrepreneurs: organizes, manages and takes risks in business.

18. Effects of the Steam Engine
Steam power, used where coal exists, increased textile production
Improved mining
Increased mining of metals, which fueled other industries

19. Need for Iron & Coal
Iron needed for: farming tools, new factory machines, railways
Smelting makes iron more pure, requires carbon
Carbon, from coal, needed to smelt iron
Steam engines powered by coal
Video

20. Effects of Iron & Coal
Britain produced more iron than all other countries of the world combined
Coal powered Britain’s enormous Navy
“The Sun Never Sets on The British Empire.”
Video

21. British Empire At its peak controlled one sixth of humanity

22. Interchangeable Parts
Interchangeable Parts – All parts are made to an exact standard so they may be interchanged. If one part breaks no problem!!

23. Other Inventors/Inventions
Orville & Wilbur Wright- airplane
Elias Howe- sewing machine
Louis Daguerre- photography
Henry Bessemer- purified steel
Alfred Nobel- dynamite
Alessandro Volta- battery
Michael Faraday- electric motor
Thomas Edison- light bulb

24. Still More Inventions & Inventors
Nikolas Otto- gasoline powered combustion engine
Karl Benz- automobile
Henry Ford- 1st auto in U.S.A.
Samuel Morse- telegraph
Alexander Graham Bell- telephone
Giglielmo Marconi- radio
Inventions too numerous to mention all of them…

25. V. Transportation Railroads
1804 Richard Trevithick: first steam locomotive.
George Stephenson: the rocket 25m.p.h. Liverpool –Manchester Railway
Video
Horses pulled carts of iron and coal along railway tacks an in and around mines.
1804 Richard Trevithick: first steam locomotive.
George Stephenson: the rocket 25m.p.h. builds the first rail line 27 mile long.
Liverpool –Manchester Railway the heart of the spinning and weaving industry in 1830
By ,200 miles of railroad track was laid.
Railroad age drove canals and wagon lines out of business.

26. A. Railroads 3. Effects: Encouraged industrial growth New jobs
Boost to agriculture
Travel to countryside.
Effects:
Encouraged industrial growth fast and cheap way to transport raw materials.
New jobs 1 mile of track required 300 tons of iron
Boost to agriculture
Travel to countryside. New attitudes about travel and vacation.

27. The Impact of the Railroad

29. Society During the Industrial Revolution
A. Urbanization-The movement of people from the country to the city.
European cities of 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 44
B. Social Classes during the Industrial Revolution
Upper class elite, 5% (owned most of the country’s wealth)
Middle classes, 15% (women worked at home raising kids)
Lower classes, 80% (lived mostly in tenement housing-tightly packed apartment like housing)

30. Why Flock to the City? Country Life: is harsh. Country Work City Work
Regular wages
The weather is not a factor.
Country Work
Dawn to dusk
Family Work unit.
City Work
Work by whistle
14 hours a day/six days a week.
Same work no changes
Factories badly lit and dirty.
Coal mines: Damp, dark, breath coal dust.

33. Capitalism/Laissez-faire
Capitalism—system of privately owned businesses seeking profits
Laissez faire—economic policy of not interfering with businesses
Job of the government is to protect your rights, not interfere with business
Adam Smith—defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations
Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Economic natural laws—self-interest, competition, supply and demand

34. Five Elements of Capitalism
Private Ownership
Equal opportunity for citizens to own business
Free Enterprise
Freedom to produce and consume
Supply and Demand
Inversely proportional High supply & low demand = low Price
Competition
Needed to secure highest quality
good at reasonable price
Profit Motive
Individuals make the money

35. What were the negative effects of Capitalism?

36. I. Changing the way of Life
Poor City Dweller
Lacked adequate housing
Filthy
Overcrowded slums
Unsafe conditions
Video
Diseases were rampant like cholera. The average lifespan for workers was 17 years in Manchester compared to 38 years in rural areas.

37. Urban Living Conditions
Factory owners rushed to build housing
Back to back row houses
Several people in very small spaces
Poor sanitation
High disease rates
Crime
Massive pollution

38. Urban Living Conditions
Average Age at Death for Different Classes
CITY
GENTRY
TRADESPEOPLE
LABORERS
Rutland 52 41 38
Truro 40 33 28
Derby 49 21
Manchester 20 17
Bethnal Green 45 26 16
Liverpool 35 22 15
Rutland – agricultural area in central England
Truro – tin mining center

39. Social Consequences Cont.
Living & Working Conditions
Drab & blackened w/ soot
Housing: packed in & short supply
Lived in 1 rooms & life poor
1000’s children running around w/ no last name
Treatment of Workers
Jobs only for unskilled workers
Low wages-too low to support families
Worked long hrs – up to 14/day
Jobs tedious & oppressive
Few Holidays
Unemployment greatest fear – layoffs often
Workers not organized-couldn’t improve selves
Had to bargain individually – employers no sympathy (competing w/ other industries)

40. Working Conditions
Long Hours- Most factory workers labored between hours a day, 6 to 7 days a week.
Unsafe Conditions-Miners worked in unsafe conditions in which death and injury were commonplace.
Child Labor-Although a necessity for some families, eventually child labor was limited to 12 hours a day in England. Children were beaten if they didn’t work hard enough.
Video

41. Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers

42. D. Children Begin work as young as Six. 14 –16 hour days.
Pay was less than 25 cents a week.
Sarah Carpenter 12

44. 1. Scavengers
Picked up lint on the floor under the machines.

45. David Rowland testimony before the House of Commons Committee on 10th July, 1832.
Question: At what age did you commence working in a cotton mill?
Answer: Just when I had turned six.
Question: What employment had you in a mill in the first instance?
Answer: That of a scavenger.

46. David Rowland testimony before the House of Commons Committee on 10th July, 1832.
Question: Will you explain the nature of the work that a scavenger has to do?
Answer: The scavenger has to take the brush and sweep under the wheels, and to be under the direction of the spinners and the piecers generally. I frequently had to be under the wheels, and in consequence of the perpetual motion of the machinery, I was liable to accidents constantly. I was very frequently obliged to lie flat, to avoid being run over or caught.

47. 2. Piecers
Reuniting broken threads from the machines

48. William Dodd’s Testimony
At the age of six I became a piecer. The continual friction of the hand in rubbing the piecing upon the coarse wrapper wears off the skin, and causes the finger to bleed. The position in which the piecer stands to his work is … in a sliding direction, constantly keeping his right side towards the frame. In this position he continues during the day, with his hands, feet, and eyes constantly in motion. It will be easily seen, that the chief weight of his body rests upon his right knee, which is almost always the first joint to give way.

49. William Dodd’s Testimony
I have frequently worked at the frame till I could scarcely get home, and in this state have been stopped by people in the streets who noticed me shuffling along, and advised me to work no more in the factories; but I was not my own master. During the day, I frequently counted the clock, and calculated how many hours I had still to remain at work; my evenings were spent in preparing for the following day - in rubbing my knees, ankles, elbows, and wrists with oil, etc. I went to bed, to cry myself to sleep, and pray that the Lord would take me to himself before morning.

50. Robert Blincoe’s Testimony
The blacksmith had the task of riveting irons upon any of the apprentices, whom the master ordered. These irons were very much like the irons usually put upon felons. Even young women, if they suspected of intending to run away, had irons riveted on their ankles, and reaching by long links and rings up to the hips, and in these they were compelled to walk to and fro from the mill to work and to sleep.

51. 4. Injuries Loss of legs, arms fingers. Crippled for life.
No workmen's compensation.

52. Robert Blincoe’s Testimony 1828
A girl named Mary Richards, who was not quite ten years of age, attended a drawing frame, below which, and about a foot from the floor, was a horizontal shaft, by which the frames above were turned. It happened one evening, when her apron was caught by the shaft. In an instant the poor girl was drawn by an irresistible force and dashed on the floor. She uttered the most heart-rending shrieks! Her bones of her arms, legs, thighs, etc. successively snap asunder, crushed, seemingly, to atoms, as the machinery whirled her round, and drew tighter

53. Robert Blincoe’s Testimony 1828
and tighter her body within the works, her blood was scattered over the frame and streamed upon the floor, her head appeared dashed to pieces - at last, her mangled body was jammed in so fast, between the shafts and the floor, that the water being low and the wheels off the gear, it stopped the main shaft. When she was extricated, every bone was found broken - her head dreadfully crushed. She was carried off quite lifeless.

54. Dr. Smith’s Testimony on female health in the factories.
Question: Are not the females less capable of sustaining this long labour than males.
Dr. Samuel Smith: Yes. In the female the pelvis is considerably wider than the male. When having to sustain the upright posture for long periods, the pelvis is prevented from being properly developed; and, in many of those instances, instead of forming an oval aperture, it forms a triangular one, the part supporting the spine being pressed downwards, and the parts receiving the heads of the thigh-bones being pressed inwards.

55. Dr. Smith’s Testimony on female health in the factories.
When they are expecting to become mothers, sometimes because of the development of the bones of the pelvis, there is not actually space for the exit of the child which is within the womb. Under these circumstances, it is often the painful duty of the surgeon to destroy the life of the child in order that he may preserve the more valuable one of the mother. I believe if horses in this country were put to the same period of labour that factory children are, in a very few years the animal would be almost extinct among us.

56. Given the previous testimony on working conditions of children, what surprised you the most?
The Class is split into two camps.
You are a members of the British Parliament. Group One will prepare legislation against child labor in the factories. Group Two will keep the interests of the Industrialists in mind and the effect on the economy if Child Labor laws pass.

57. II. Reforms
Unions organized to raise wages and improve working conditions.
Become legal and established. Skilled workers carpenters and spinners unionize first.
Collective bargaining: negotiations.
Strike: refuse to work
Class Tensions rich demanded a laissez-faire government.
Govt: to wage war and uphold the law and to have a hands-off approach when it comes to economic and social conditions.
Workers did not have representatives in Parliament. Only property owners could vote
Riots broke out and mob demonstrations.
The government countered with violence as well.

58. E. Factory Act of 1833 Illegal to hire children under nine.
Ages nine to 13 only 8hrs/day.
Ages 14 –18 up to 12 hrs/day.
Mine Act of 1842
Similar to the Factory Act of 1833
After Parliament’s investigation of the abuses of Child Labor they declared the following

59. Unions Unions—associations formed by laborers to work for change
Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers
Sometimes they strike—call a work stoppage—to pressure owners
Skilled workers are first to form unions
Movement in Britain, U.S. must fight for right to form unions
Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions

60. Child Labor
As concerns about the welfare of children rose in mid 1800s, Parliament held investigations into working conditions.
New laws and new labor unions improved conditions.

61. IV. Industrialization in the United States
The United States offers conditions favorable to the growth of industry.
Samuel Slater teams up with Moses Brown. Result spread of the American Textile industry.
U.S. Industry fueled by the growth of railroads.
The Industrial Revolution will translate into a victory for the Union in the Civil War.
By 1900, the U.S. becomes the industrial leader of the world in steel production and oil refinery.

62. Cotton Gin
Cotton Gin – A machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fibers.

63. Effects of Cotton Gin Profit per pound of cotton skyrocketed.
Many plantations depended on it as only major crop.
New plantations developed I Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and finally Texas.
Slaves expanded from 700,000 to 1.5 million.

64. The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
Social Effects
New inventions and development of factories
Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s
Increased production and higher demand for raw materials
Growth of worldwide trade
Population explosion and a large labor force
Exploitation of mineral resources
Highly developed banking and investment system
Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication
Long hours worked by children in factories
Increase in population of cities
Poor city planning
Loss of family stability
Expansion of middle class
Harsh conditions for laborers
Workers’ progress vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes
Improved standard of living
Creation of new jobs
Encouragement of technological progress
Political Effects
Child labor laws to end abuses
Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx)
Trade unions
Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism
Reform bills in Parliament

65. Effects of The Industrial Rev.
Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind
European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources
Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials, markets
Europe and U.S. gain economic power
African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts
Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls for social reform

66. More Effects Produced goods for the masses Fortunes made
age of unrestrained capitalism
Raw materials came from colonies.
Colonies were guaranteed markets
Spawned abuses of labor:
women, children chained to machines
Rich became richer: dominated world
Inequity of wealth
led to Socialism, Communism in Europe
Video

68. Reforming the Industrial World
The Industrial Revolution leads to economic, social, and political reforms.
Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism

69. Capitalism/Laissez-faire
Capitalism—system of privately owned businesses seeking profits
Laissez faire—economic policy of not interfering with businesses
Job of the government is to protect your rights, not interfere with business
Adam Smith—defender of free markets, author of The Wealth of Nations
Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress
Economic natural laws—self-interest, competition, supply and demand

70. Five Elements of Capitalism
Private Ownership
Equal opportunity for citizens to own business
Free Enterprise
Freedom to produce and consume
Supply and Demand
Inversely proportional High supply & low demand = low Price
Competition
Needed to secure highest quality
good at reasonable price
Profit Motive
Individuals make the money

71. Socialism
Socialism-factors of production owned by and operated for the people
Socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality
Social Democrats: achieve through democratic reforms (Welfarism)
Marxists: achieve through Revolution

72. Communism
Karl Marx—German journalist proposes a radical form of socialism, Marxism
Friedrich Engels—German whose father owns a Manchester textile Mill
Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring classes
Capitalism helps “haves,” the employers known as the bourgeoisie
Hurts “have-nots,” the workers known as the proletariat
Marx, Engels predict the workers will overthrow the owners
Write their ideas in a book “The Communist Manifesto”

73. Communism Marx believes that capitalism will eventually destroy itself
Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills
Communism—society where people own, share the means of production
Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba, (Vietnam and North Korea)
Time has shown that society not controlled by economic forces alone
No Religion in Communism

74. Five Elements of Communism
Economic Determinism
Gov’t determines what is produced
Class Struggle
The Haves vs. Have-Nots
Surplus Value Theory
The goal of money will always abuse workers
Proletariat Rule
Workers will control the society
Individual Contributions
Each person must contribute to the society with their individual skills

75. What is Communism?
Marx and Engels studied the history of the world’s economies.
This means the way that power, industry and finance are controlled.
They saw the way countries developed in stages.
Communism
Socialism
Capitalism
Feudalism
Explain these please!
Primitive
Communism

76. What is Communism?
This is how humans first lived together – in small tribes. Primitive means ‘not very advanced’ e.g. hunting and gathering. Communism means that everything was shared amongst the tribe – food, jobs, belongings. No-one owned land. Eventually a group comes to power – this leads to Feudalism…
Primitive
Communism

77. What is Communism?
Under feudalism, a king or emperor or chief becomes the ruler over all the people.
He gives land and privileges to ‘nobles’ who rule the people for him.
The people are kept uneducated and told that god chose the king to rule. The church helps the king this way.
Feudalism
As trade develops, some people get richer. This leads to Capitalism…..
Primitive
Communism

78. What is Communism?
The capitalists get more power to serve their own interests.
The business owners or capitalists get richer while the workers do all the hard work.
Capitalism
Feudalism
Capitalism creates a huge working-class of people who soon get angry at the way they are treated. They organise in unions and demand changes. This will lead to a revolution and Socialism…

79. What is Communism?
Because nothing is made for profit, all people benefit from education and health.
The workers take control of the country to produce things for everyone.
Socialism
These ideas spread across the world to create Communism….
Capitalism
In the Socialist revolution all the rulers – kings, churches, capitalists are got rid of.

80. What is Communism?
The remaining capitalists put up a bitter fight, but the will of the people will always win.
Communism
Socialism
All human activity goes towards benefiting each other – allowing all to live their lives to the full.
As everyone now works together, war is a thing of the past – armies are not needed. Sharing means no police are needed. Everything is provided by the people – so money becomes a thing of the past.