1. Unit 5: Age of Revolutions (1750-1914)
Global History II Review

2. Scientific Revolution
New Ideas about the Universe
Scientific Revolution- period of change
Heliocentric theory said sun is center of universe. (Copernicus and Galileo)
Newton proved gravity and natural laws
New ways of thinking
Scientific Method- experimentation and observation to prove theories
Human Reason was valued

3. Enlightenment Science and the Enlightenment Leading Thinkers/ Thoughts
Natural Laws govern human behavior
Enlightenment rejected traditional beliefs
Leading Thinkers/ Thoughts
Locke: Natural Rights- life, liberty, & property
Montesquieu: Separation of powers
Voltaire: Religious toleration
Rousseau: Social Contract, give up freedoms for the common good of all

4. Enlightenment Impact of the Enlightenment
Promoted change in many governments
Inspired democracy and revolutions
Enlightened rulers made changes in their countries (also able to keep power)
Key principles for the foundation of American Revolution, United States government and the French Revolution

5. Political Revolutions
American Revolution (1776)
Influenced by Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights and ideas of the Enlightenment
Symbol of freedom in Europe and Latin Amer.
French Revolution (1789)
Causes: Absolute Monarchy, social inequality, economic hardships, Enlightenment ideas, American Revolution and English laws

6. Political Revolutions
French Revolutions Stages
Creation of the National Assembly
Seizure of the Bastille
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Creation of a limited monarchy
Radicals come to power and Reign of Terror
Napoleon comes to power
Napoleonic Code- laws made by Napoleon
Napoleon is a stabilizing force

7. Political Revolutions
Effects of the French Revolution
Democratic ideals spread through Europe
Nationalism emerges in Europe (France)
Latin American Independence (1790s)
Toussaint L’Ouverture (former slave) breaks Haiti free from French rule
Simon Bolivar a Creole gains independence from Spain for much of South America
Jose de San Martin defeats the Spanish for independence in Argentina and Chile

8. Reaction Against Revolution
Congress of Vienna (1815)
Attempt to put Europe back the way it was before the conquests of Napoleon
Revolutions of 1830s and 1848
Liberals (revolutionaries) revolt against conservatives (monarchy)
Rebellions were not successful in the long term but the ideas remained

9. Reaction Against Revolution
Absolutism in Czarist Russia
Russian Czars maintained power in Russia
Feudal society continued in Russia with serfs
Russification- policy to make groups act Russian within Russian borders
Instability in Latin America
Social injustice even with democracy
Military rulers lead many nations
Economies grow slowly
Mexican Revolution due to unequal distribution of wealth

10. Global Nationalism Nationalism: Love for one’s country
Revolutions in Greece, Poland, Belgium, and across Latin America
Unification Movements
Italy: Cavour and Garibaldi worked to unite all of Italy as one nation
Germany: Bismarck used war and politics to unite the German and Prussian Empires
Zionism: Desire for a Jewish homeland

11. Global Nationalism Nationalism in Asia
India: called for self-rule and independence from the British colonizers
Indian National Congress and Muslim League worked to achieve independence
Turkey: Young Turks took control of Ottoman government
Armenian Massacre: Turks turned against Christians living in the Ottoman Empire
Nationalism and conflict in the Balkans

12. Economic Revolution Agrarian Revolution (1750)
Increased food production through changes in farming techniques
Enclosures forced small farmers off lands
Better food created a population explosion
Industrial Revolution ( )
Means of production of goods shifted from hand tools to complex machines
Caused by increased work force, improved technology, and new capital for investment

13. Economic Revolutions Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Laissez-faire economics means the government does not interfere in production
Free Market or Capitalism develops
Big businesses emerge
Middle class and lower classes struggle
Urbanization- growth of cities
Poor working conditions for workers
Improved transportation (steam engine)
Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States are the most industrialized nations

14. Social Revolutions Inspired by the hardships of the Ind. Rev.
Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest
Socialism- concentrated on interests of society
Wanted businesses and farms to belong to all the people and not just individuals
Marxist Socialism (Communism)
Karl Marx called for a revolution by the workers against the capitalists
The people should control all means of production

15. Social Revolutions Education: Public schools were developed Reforms
Slavery is abolished nearly everywhere
Suffrage is expanded
More rights for workers
Improvements in universal education
Impact of Industrialization
Migration to industrialized nations
Famine in Ireland forced Irish to leave
Development of a global economy (interdependency)

16. Japanese/ Meiji Restoration
Opening of Japan (1853)
Japan was isolated for 200yrs. (Tokugawa)
US Commodore Perry forces Japan to open
Treaty of Kanagawa gave America trading rights with Japan
Modernization and Industrialization
Emperor Meiji worked to modernize Japan
Japan borrowed from the West the best ideas

17. Imperialism Imperialism: Causes
The domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country (Bullying)
Causes
Nationalism and belief in social Darwinism
Militarism- need to be stronger than others
Need for raw materials and natural resources
“White Man’s Burden”

18. Imperialism British in India Scramble for Africa Imperialism in China
Sepoy Mutiny- Indians refused to fight for G.B.
Scramble for Africa
European nations carved up Africa for colonies
Africans resisted fought (Boer War)
Imperialism in China
Opium War with Britain
Spheres of Influence created
Boxer Rebellion- Chinese Boxers wanted to get rid of foreigners in China