1. Age of Revolutions

2. Scientific Revolution – 1500’s Copernicus – heliocentric theory Copernicus – heliocentric theory Galileo – support for heliocentric theory; telescope Galileo – support for heliocentric theory; telescope Newton - used math to prove force that kept planets in their orbit; gravity Newton - used math to prove force that kept planets in their orbit; gravity

3. Scientific Revolution influences the Age of Enlightenment Scientific Method: experimentation and observation Scientific Method: experimentation and observation Rene Descartes – power of human reasoning; challenged the Church’s teachings Rene Descartes – power of human reasoning; challenged the Church’s teachings Discovered natural laws could apply to human behavior Discovered natural laws could apply to human behavior

4. Enlightened Thinkers: John Locke - Life, liberty, property John Locke - Life, liberty, property Thomas Hobbes - People are greedy;need powerful gov’t Thomas Hobbes - People are greedy;need powerful gov’t Voltaire - Freedom of speech/religion Voltaire - Freedom of speech/religion Rousseau – Social Contract; Will of the majority Rousseau – Social Contract; Will of the majority Montesquieu - Separation of gov’t powers Montesquieu - Separation of gov’t powers Mary Wollstonecraft – women’s rights Mary Wollstonecraft – women’s rights

5. Enlightened Despot Absolute ruler who uses enlightened ideas to reform society Absolute ruler who uses enlightened ideas to reform society Maria Theresa – improved tax system & offered primary education Maria Theresa – improved tax system & offered primary education Joseph II – religious toleration & abolished serfdom Joseph II – religious toleration & abolished serfdom Catherine the Great – promoted education & religious toleration Catherine the Great – promoted education & religious toleration

6. French Revolution Causes 1.political – absolute ruler 2. social inequality 3. economic inequality Stages 1. Calling of Estates General 2. Reign of Terror 3. Directory Phase 4. Age of Napoleon

7. French Revolution Napoleon’s achievements 1.Economic prosperity in France 2. Public School System 3. Legal code – many enlightened ideas & religious toleration Impact 1. Spread of democratic ideas 2. Inspired nationalism throughout Europe and Latin America

8. Latin American Independence Movements Haiti Toussaint L’Ouverture Mexico Miguel Hidalgo N. South America (Ecuador,Venezuela, Colombia) Simon Bolivar Southern South America (Argentina, Chile) Jose de San Martin

9. Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas Congress of Vienna – 1815 Congress of Vienna – 1815 Goal: restore stability and order to Europe Goal: restore stability and order to Europe Austria – von Metternich Restore Europe to 1792 legitimacy balance of power Russia – Alexander I Create a Concert of Europe to maintain peace England – Castlereagh Weaken France France -Talleyrand Maintain equality amongst nations

10. Absolutism in Czarist Russia Maintained feudal society but gradually freed the serfs under Alexander II Policy of Russification – to encourage unity and discourage nationalism of ethnic minorities Practiced pogroms

11. Mexican Revolution 1910-1930 Causes 1. Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz 2. Unequal distribution of wealth 2. Unequal distribution of wealthEffects 1. Constitution of 1917 2. Social reforms - libraries and schools 3. Economic nationalism – nationalized industries 4. Diego Rivera – muralist cultural nationalism

12. Global Nationalism Nationalism – pride and loyalty in one’s country Italian Unification - Cavour, Garibaldi, Mazzini German Unification - Otto VonBismark Unifies German states through a series of wars 1. Danish War 1. Danish War 2. Austro-Prussian War 2. Austro-Prussian War 3. Franco-Prussian War 3. Franco-Prussian WarZionism goal: movement to find a Jewish state in Palestine (1896)

13. Examples of Nationalist Movements India Indian National Congress Goal: independence from Britain Muslim League Leader - Muhammad Ali Jinnah Separate Muslim state in Pakistan (1947) Turkey – Young Turks (1890) strengthen the Ottoman empire; end western imperialism Armenian Massacre – 1900’s – Muslim Turks killed over a million Christian Armenians

14. Examples of Nationalist Movements Balkans Powder Keg of WWI Multi-nationalist groups wanted independence and self-rule Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria

15. Economic and Social Revolutions Agrarian Revolution increased food production new technology enclosure Result - ^ Population Result - ^ Population Industrial Revolution – production of goods were produced by machines instead of by hand Began in Britain in 1750 b/c 1. Location 2. Labor 3.Capital 4.Technology 5. Energy resources

16. Industrial Revolution Factory system and mass production on the assembly line Effects of Industrial Revolution 1. laissez-faire economics 2. rise of big business 3. new class structure – middle class 4. urbanization – crowded cities, pollution 5. working conditions – long hours and low wages 6. rise in standard of living

17. Competing Philosophies Liberalism: gov’t should protect individual’s freedoms Conservatism: little social or political change Socialism business should be owned by everyone; end gap between rich and poor Marxist Socialism- Marx/Engels Communist Manifesto working class – proletariat - would overthrow the capitalists - bourgeoisie

18. Japan and the Meiji Restoration Tokugawa Shogunate – Commodore Matthew Perry – Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) Meiji Restoration – strengthen Japan against the west; modernize and industrialist Zaibatsu – wealthy business class families in Japan Sino-Japanese War – Japanese win! – Taiwan Russo-Japanese Ware – Japanese win! Manchuria/Korea

19. Imperialism Old Imperialism v. New Imperialism 1500-18001870-1914 America, India Asia and Africa Causes 1. nationalism/social darwinism 2. militarism 3. economic motives – raw materials 4. White Man’s Burden

20. British in India Jewel of British Empire Sepoy Mutiny – 1857 – revolt against the British forcing culture onto the Indians; India becomes a colony of Britain

21. Scramble for Africa 1884 – Berlin Conference – to divide up Africa – Africans were not invited Zulu resistance v. British/Boers – superior weaponry of British help to defeat the Zulus Boer War – 1890 – British v. Boers; British defeat Boers and took over South Africa

22. China Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing 1842 extraterritoriality/ Hong Kong > Britain Taiping Rebellion – 1850-1864 – peasants rebel against Qin dynasty and western influence Boxer Rebellion – 1900 – kick out foreigners; Japan and west crushed uprising Sun Yixian and Chinese Revolution – end foreign domination, representative gov’t, economic security Father of Chinese Republic

23. Effects of Imperialism Short Term 1. Asians/Africans under foreign rule 2. Spread of western culture 3. Traditional political units were disrupted Long Term 1. Western culture influenced much of the world 2. Improvement in medicine, transportation, education 3. Growth of nationalist movements