1. Multimedia Learning Chapter 2 Multimedia Instructional Messages

2. What are Multimedia Instructional Messages?(1/2)  The definition of multimedia instructional messages Message: communications or presentations involving a teacher and learner. Instructional: the purpose is to promote learning. Multimedia: presented using both words and pictures.

3. What are Multimedia Instructional Messages?(2/2)  Give 3 examples How lightning storms develop How car breaking system work How bicycle tire pumps work  3 explanations The conventional way Book-based multimedia instructional message Computer-based multimedia instructional message  Retention tests and transfer tests

4. How lightning storms develop (1/6)  In encyclopedia only illustration. Many people read carefully but still may not understand the passage. Students typically can remember fewer than half of the main steps in lightning storms, also can not generate many useful solutions. Time-honored traditional method for presenting instructional messages does not seem to work so well.

5. How lightning storms develop (2/6)  Book based environment Integrated printed text and illustration. Annotated illustrations.  Depicting a key step in lighting formation  Along with corresponding text segments  The text captions also focus mainly on the essential elements. Based from the Levin and Mayer ’ s(1993) analysis of illustrations in text

6. How lightning storms develop (3/6)  analysis of illustrations in text Concentrated: the key ideas are highlighted in both. Concise: extraneous descriptions and visual features are minimized. Correspondent: illustrations and text segments are presented near each other on the page. Concrete: the text and illustrations are presented in ways that allow for easy visulization.

7. How lightning storms develop (4/6)  analysis of illustrations in text (cont.) Coherent: the presented material has a clear structure. Comprehensible: should presented in ways that are familiar and allow the learner to apply relevant past experience. Codable: key terms and key features are used consistently and in ways that make them more memorable.

8. How lightning storms develop (5/6)  Computer based environment Narrated animation The animation is adapted from the line drawings used in the illustrations, and the narration is a shortened version of the text. The animation and narration focus on a few essential elements and events.

9. How lightning storms develop (6/6)  Retention test remember what was presented.  Transfer test Redesign question, troubleshooting question, prediction question, conceptual question.  Answer key, listing the acceptable answers for each question.

10. How breaks works (1/4)  In encyclopedia Add underling. Students remember less than 20% of the underlined material and may not answer transfer questions.  People have some difficulty in learning and understanding explanations that are presented in words alone.

11. How breaks works (2/4)  Book based environment Use words and illustrations to explain how car brakes work. The illustration shows tow frames depicting the braking system – before/after the driver steps on the brake pedal.

12. How breaks works (3/4)  Computer base environment Computer-based medium consisting of animation and narration. The presentation lasts about 30 seconds and focuses only on the essential steps in the process.

13. How breaks works (4/4)  Retention test the main ideas of explaining how car brakes work. Answer does not need to have the exact wording to be counted as correct  Transfer test Conceptual question, redesign question, troubleshooting question, and prediction question. Make a list of acceptable answers.

14. How pumps works (1/4)  In encyclopedia Underlined the portion that explains the steps in the operation of a bicycle tire pump. In retention test, just like car brakes case. In transfer test, they general fail to produce any more answers than students who do not read the passage.

15. How pumps works (2/4)  Book based environment Uses print text and illustrations to explain how pumps work. It consists of words that describe the steps in how a pump works and pictures that depict the step. The word in the annotated illustrations are taken from the text passage.

16. How pumps works (3/4)  Computer based environment Uses animation and narration to explain how pumps work. Narrated animation. The narration is modified slightly from the annotated illustrations. The entire presentation lasts about 30 seconds.

17. How pumps works (4/4)  Retention test Write down about hoe pumps work. 5 minutes for narrated illustration,10 minutes for annotated illustration.  Transfer test Redesign question, troubleshooting question, uncover an underlying principle. Acceptable answers.

18. Conclusion  What is in common? Message: communication to a learner. Instructional: the purpose of communication is to foster learning. Multimedia: the communication is presented using both words and pictures.  For book based, words are in the form of printed text and pictures are in the form of the illustrations.  For computer base, the words are in the form of narration and the pictures are in the form of animation.