1. Recreation And Off-Duty Swimming ORM Brief
Good morning I am Dave Smith and I work in the Traffic and Off-Duty Safety Division at the Naval Safety Center. Today It is a pleasure for me to discuss an important subject that I know will make a difference in how we protect our personnel during their leisure time activities. I will cover where our losses are and The ORM Process.
Naval Safety Center
Dave Smith

2. Operational Risk Management
What is ORM?
A process to assist you in performing everyday tasks safely and efficiently! Modify the process to fit the situation while still identifying and assessing risks and developing controls to reduce the hazards.
So what is ORM?
Most of you know it’s a process, used as a tool, adapted to support a specific requirement.
It identifies and assesses hazards, and develops and implements controls to mitigate them.
It makes your evolution or operation more safe and improves the probability of successful and effective mission accomplishment.

3. Where Are We? During FY98-02, mishaps cost the Navy and Marines:
$3.7 BILLION
1,000 LIVES!
175 Sailors & Marines Died in FY01
90 (51%) PMV
25 (14%) Off-duty Shore/Rec
20 (11%) Aviation
37 (21%) Shore/Ground/MV operational
3 (2%) Surface Ships /Submarines/Diving
238 Sailors & Marines Died in FY02
140 (59%) PMV
32 (13%) Off-duty Shore/Rec
28 (12%) Aviation
32 (13%) Shore/Ground/MV operational
6 (3%) Surface Ships/Submarines/Diving
Next slide: Cost and Deaths for USN and USMC

4. How People Died In Mishaps USN/USMC, FY98-02
Traffic
Total Deaths
FY00:
FY01:
FY02:
FY98-02: 1000
Rate per 100,000 personnel
As you can see, the money costs are in aviation mishaps. The cost of lives is in motor-vehicle mishaps.
Shore/
Ground
Recreation
Aviation
Afloat
72% of deaths during FY were off duty!!!!
Sailors & Marines Off-Duty Deaths = 72%
FY94-00, though substantially better than previous years, showed no decreasing trend. We are on a plateau!! The loss of one Sailor or Marine is too much. There is much work yet to be done.
No. of Deaths, FY

5. Next slide: Human error
Cost of Mishaps
Navy & Marine Corps
FY 98-02
Total
$3.7 Billion
LOST DOLLARS AND LIVES. In the naval service mishaps translate to BIG BUCKS.
Accepting the status quo is an expensive and operationally unacceptable option.
Dollar losses represent lost procurement opportunities and reduced war fighting capability.
These “big bucks” are why we have this course - no other community does. We need trained, enlightened, proactive leaders to stem the tide - not just to investigate smoking holes in the ground.
Aviation
$2.9B
Recreation: 56M
PMV: $122M
Afloat: $352M
Shore/Ground: $105M
Next slide: Human error

6. Sailors/Marines Off-Duty Alcohol-Related Deaths
FY 98-02
26%
Remember the TV show Cheers? It gave all of us the impression that drinking was the fun thing to do. Well times have changed. Thirty-one percent of the Sailors and Marines recreation deaths are alcohol-related. Several deaths occurred when Sailors and Marines were so drunk they died from alcohol poisoning. A good example is when a 19 year old AA was drinking multiple shots of hard liquor at a picnic. Victim was put to bed by his shipmates. BAC He died from alcohol poisoning.
Alcohol is a serious problem for off-duty personnel.
Note: The 26 percent refers to recreational deaths.
However, a similar percentage of our Traffic deaths are alcohol-related. Maybe more….

7. Top 3 Leading Causes Of Recreation Deaths
Drowning
Boating, Swimming, SCUBA Diving
Falls
Buildings, Cliffs, Snow Drifts
Alcohol Poisoning/Drug Overdose

8. Top 3 Recreation Injury Producers
Basketball
Softball/Baseball
Football
Team sports produce more injuries for Sailors and Marines than any other recreational activity. Basketball has the highest percentage of disabling injuries among team sports. Softball and football are the next largest producers of lost-time injuries.

9. Findings Mishaps - Lack of Headwork Human Error 80% of Causal Factors!
- Inexperience
- Non-use of PPE
- Alcohol Involvement
Human Error
MISHAP EXAMPLES:
Lack of Headwork:
- A 19 year old AA was drinking multiple shots of hard liquor at a picnic with Navy friends. Victim was put to bed by his shipmates. When a buddy checked on him, he found him dead from acute ethanol poisoning. BAC 0.45.
- An EM3 and 6 friends were boating in a 14 foot row boat with a 15 HP motor. The boat capsized and before help arrived, the victim drowned. No PFDs worn. Water temp was 51 degrees. (Poor headwork and lack of PPE).
L/kjhn’oAlcohol Involvement
80% of Causal Factors!
SURVEY FINDINGS:
Oversight - Safety officer staffing/training
- Placement of safety in CoC
- Regionalization
Training - Qualifications
- PRT/PT fitness
ORM - Command Emphasis
- Hazard Awareness
Culture - “Bullet-proof” mentality
- Violations
- Leadership

10. Feeling of Invincibility Speed, Tempo of Operations
Causes Of Risk
Personal Work Ethic
Complex Evolutions
High Energy Levels
Stress
CHANGE!!
Environmental
Influences
Human Nature
Resource Constraints
New Technology
The hazards we identify by asking these questions generate risk. In retrospect, this slide could also be entitled:
“The Challenges of Naval Culture”
We’ve got young kids with can do attitudes, who want to do well, are afraid to say no and feel they are invincible.
Couple that with sophisticated equipment, complex evolutions, arduous conditions and the infinite risk multiplier -- (Click) CHANGE -- the mother of all risk, and you have the ingredients for the disasters we read about everyday in our message traffic.
Feeling of Invincibility
Complacency
Speed, Tempo of Operations

11. 5 Steps Elements Of ORM 3 Levels of Application 4 Principles
There are three elements of ORM.
The 3, 4, 5 of ORM:
3 levels of application,
4 principles,
and 5 steps.
5 Steps

12. 3 Levels Of Application Time Critical Deliberate In Depth
90% of ORM processes are “On the run”
Deliberate
Complete 5 step process
3 levels:
Time Critical: The actions we take almost automatically when posed with a routine hazard:
Rain, slick roads: use wipers, slow down, increase distance behind vehicle ahead of you.
Deliberate: The planning that goes into making a long trip over a weekend. Using the 5 step process we’ll talk about in a couple of slides.
In Depth: The planning and coordination that goes into an overseas or cross-country PCS move, where much of what happens is outside our control.
In Depth
Other considerations outside
local chain of command

13. 4 Principles Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh Cost
Accept No Unnecessary Risk
Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning
Make Risk Decisions at Correct Level
Does the benefit outweigh the risk? If so, accept, if not, a decision is required.
Take only those risks necessary to execute mission, and remember, they are generally more easily controlled when they are identified early in the planning process.
When it is felt the risk is too high, or goes beyond the commander’s stated intent, additional guidance is needed from the COC.

14. 5 Step Process 1. Identify Hazards 5. Supervise 2. Assess Hazards
The five steps can be remember by visualizing a star. It has five points or another way is to look at your five fingers. Each one of them is important.
These steps provide a means to identify what can go wrong, how to prevent it from going wrong, and how to minimize the extent of damage and injury if it goes wrong.
4. Implement Controls
3. Make Risk Decisions

15. Step #1: Identify Hazards
Analyze Manageable Pieces of an Event
Use Experience As a Guide
“Experience Is the Name Everyone Gives to Their Mistakes”
Oscar Wilde, 1892
Ask What If, Use Brainstorming, Think Cause and Effect
The first step, this is the “What can go wrong?” part.
Take a look at an impending event and list the associated hazards that could lead to damage or injury.
There are plenty of sharp and experienced folks out there, who have seen what can go wrong. -- Brainstorm
Ask what if ?

16. Prioritize Identified Hazards Based on: Severity & Probability
Step #2: Assess Hazards
Prioritize Identified Hazards
Based on:
Severity
&
Probability
For each hazard identified in the previous step, determine the associated risk in terms of severity and probability.
This can be pretty subjective and open for interpretation, but the most dangerous hazards and those most likely to occur should be pretty obvious.
We’ll try it in a while.

17. Severity + Probability
Step #2: Assess Hazards
To aid in this assessment, various tools can be devised and used. This one, you can find on one of the two plastic cards I’ve given you.
It lists 4 categories of varying severity.
CLICK: 4 hazard probability categories,
CLICK: and puts them in a matrix.
Such that for any given hazard, you can assign severity and probability categories, read the corresponding matrix box and determine the RAC. CLICK
CLICK: This is a tool that makes it easier to assess the hazards.
Severity + Probability
of Occurrence = RAC

18. Step #3: Make Risk Decisions
Consider Risk Control Options, Most Serious Risks First
Risk Versus Benefit
Communicate As Required
Consider risk control options, prioritizing, starting with the most serious risk first, or the lowest RAC, if you’re using that method.
Determine from your perspective whether the benefit outweighs the risk.
When in doubt, or you feel the decision should be made at a higher level, don’t be afraid to kick it up the chain of command.

19. Step #4: Implement Controls
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment
These are the three control categories:
Engineering - modification of pertinent hardware
Administrative - developing procedures germane to the process
And use of appropriate PPE.
All are designed to reduce risk by lowering the probability of occurrence and/or decreasing potential severity.

20. Step #5: Supervise Assure Controls Effective and in Place
Same as any other supervisory process:
Assure Controls Effective and in Place
Maintain Implementation Schedules
Correct Ineffective Risk Controls
Watch for Change
Final step, supervision, checking use and effectiveness of controls, and watching for changes.
Your personal interest in an evolution will cause additional focus by your troops.

21. Part II: Applying ORM Off-Duty

22. ORM Five Steps Identify Hazards Assess Hazards Make Risk Decisions
Implement Controls
Supervise/Evaluate
We all know that we can’t prevent all mishaps in the off-duty environment. Using the ORM Process and applying the five steps during their leisure-time activities will reduce the severity of mishaps . Let see how we can use these five steps for swimming.

23. Scenario 19 Year Old Sailor Class II Swimmer
Breath-Holding And Hyperventilating
Shallow Water Blackout
A 19 year old SN’s dream of becoming a Navy Seal ended when he drowned. He was trying to extend his stay time under the water by holding his breath, letting it out slowly while sinking to the bottom of the pool. The victim was in a seated positioned for 90 seconds. His shipmate swam down and touched his friend’s shoulder. He interpreted his buddy’s head movement back and forth to mean “I am okay”. When he surfaced another buddy on the pool deck directed him to go back and assist the victim to the surface. CPR was performed on the unconscious victim to no success.

24. 1. Identify Swimming Hazards
Water Clarity
Insufficient Water Depth
Poor Swimmers
Shallow Water Blackout
Alcohol
Thunderstorms
Let’s use the ORM process to identify hazards patrons might encounter while swimming. We’ll use this activity because drownings are the number one recreational killer of Navy personnel.
Can you think of any other hazards?

25. Risk Matrix Probability of Occurrence + Severity =
The most important thing to remember is that Critical and Serious codes are the ones that can kill patrons or cause them very serious injuries and time away from work and in the hospital. They are also the ones that jeopardize the mission. You must identify the most serious hazards by examining probability as well as severity. A patron’s life may depend on it.
Probability of Occurrence + Severity =

26. 2. Assess Swimming Hazards In Terms Of Risk
Insufficient Water Depth
Poor Swimmers
Thunderstorms
Risk Assessment
Serious/Probably (2)
Critical/Probably (1)
Take some hazards identified in step #1 and assign a RAC which has been done on this slide. These are the RAC codes I came up with. This is a subjective process so we will have varying opinions on what the RAC code should be based on experience and knowledge. Remember what we said about activities rated as having serious or critical risk assessments. Those are the ones that are the most dangerous.

27. 2. Assess Swimming Hazards In Terms Of Risk (cont.)
Hazards Risk Assessment
Shallow Water Critical/Likely (1)
Blackout
Alcohol Serious/Probably (2)
Water Clarity Critical/Likely (1)
Lower level risks, after being identified, can be ignored for the most part.

28. 3. Make Swimming Risk Decisions Based On Risks
Hazards
Shallow Water Blackout
Water Clarity
Poor Swimmers
Thunderstorms
Insufficient Water Depth
Alcohol
Totem Pole the Hazards : place hazards in order of most severe to least severe. Make sure you do something about the severe ones. If you have time, later on you can worry about those you rated as least serious.

29. 4. Implement Swimming Controls
Hazards Controls
Shallow Water Blackout Place Signs Prohibiting Breath-Holding And Hyperventilating Techniques Recognize/Measures To Take
Water Clarity Qualified Person Adding Properly Balanced Chemicals Four Inch Black On White Disc
Poor Swimmers Adequate Number Of Life Guards - Offer Swimming Lessons *
Look at control options, Engineering, Admin or PPE that will bring the level of risk down. For swimming pools and beaches engineering controls will be limited to pool and beach design and admin controls will be mostly warning signs and lifeguards. PPE could involve a PFD if a poor swimmer.

30. 4. Implement Swimming Controls (cont.) Hazards Thunderstorms
Insufficient Water Depth
Alcohol
Controls
Lifeguard Clear Pool For Determined Period Of Time
Check Water Depth For Diving Boards
Don’t Allow Intoxicated Swimmers To Use Facility

31. 5. Supervise/Evaluate Monitor Effectiveness Of Controls
Watch For Changes

32. Take Away What Can Hurt Me? What Can I Do About It? What Do I Do
If Something Goes Wrong?
This serves as a reminder that every one of us has to expect the unexpected. Three things you need to take with you from my brief are:
What Can Hurt Me?
What Can I Do About It?
and
What Do I Do If Something Goes Wrong?

33. Benefits Of Risk Management
Reduction in serious injuries and fatalities
Reduction in material and property damage
Effective mission accomplishment
Benefits are obvious and substantial.
ORM can significantly impact quality of life, readiness and mission execution.

34. Summary ORM is a process ... NOT a program Decision making tool to:
Increase ability to make informed choices
Reduce risks to acceptable level
ORM must become an inherent way of doing business
ORM is a systematic way of thinking.
It can and should be used by personnel at all levels in the COC to increase awareness of the hazards and risks involved in an operation.
When used, it enhances the ability to make informed decisions.
But it’s not a program.
You can equate it to leadership, which is not a program either, yet is essential and fundamental to our success.
Leadership is folded into our training and doctrine from your first days in the service.
ORM will be most effective if we can integrate it into our culture as completely and effectively as leadership.

35. The End Dave Smith, Code, 427 DSN 564-3520 EXT 7180
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