1. ITEC 2080 Thermal and Fluid Systems Research Presentation Battery, Hybrid, and Electric Engines (Automobile and other Vehicles), Biomass, Bioenergy, and Biodiesel and Its application METTA, Mark MULLIS, Amanda PEREZ, Jaime PHELPS, Marion (Leader)

2. 1.Battery, Hybrid, and Electric Engines (Automobile and other Vehicles) 2. Biomass, Bioenergy and Biodiesel and its application.

3. In parallel hybrids, the ICE and the electric motor are both connected to the mechanical transmission and can simultaneously transmit power to drive the wheels, usually through a conventional transmission. In series hybrids, only the electric motor drives the drivetrain, and the ICE works as a generator to power the electric motor or to recharge the batteries. The battery pack can be recharged through regenerative braking or by the ICE. Series hybrids usually have a smaller combustion engine but a larger battery pack as compared to parallel hybrids, which makes them more expensive.This configuration makes series hybrids more efficient in city driving. Power-split hybrids have the benefits of a combination of series and parallel characteristics. (1)

4. Battery, Hybrid, and Electric Engines (Automobile and other Vehicles) A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle which combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) propulsion system with an electric propulsion system. A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid electric vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an external electric power source. A PHEV shares the characteristics of both a conventional hybrid electric vehicle, having an electric motor and an internal combustion engine; and of an all- electric vehicle, also having a plug to connect to the electrical grid. (1)

5. Biomass, Bioenergy and Biodiesel and its application Biomass is organic material from living, or recently living organisms. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or converted into other energy products such as biofuel. In the first sense, biomass is plant matter used to generate electricity with steam turbines & gasifiers or produce heat, usually by direct combustion. Examples include: forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. In the second sense, biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals, including biofuel. Industrial biomass can be grown from numerous types of plants, including miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, and a variety of tree species, ranging from eucalyptus to palm oil. Biomass to Liquid (BtL) is a multi-step process which produces liquid biofuels from biomass: The process uses the whole plant to improve the carbon dioxide balance and increase yield. (3)

6. Bioenergy is renewable energy derived from biological sources, to be used for heat, electricity, or vehicle fuel. Biofuel derived from plant materials is among the most rapidly growing renewable energy technologies. In the United States, corn-based ethanol is currently the largest source of biofuel as a gasoline substitute or additive. There are many ways to generate electricity from biomass. Among them are: the direct-fired or conventional steam approach, pyrolysis, co- firing, biomass gasification, anaerobic digestion, landfill gas collection and modular systems.(3)

7. Biomass is considered to be a replenishable/renewable resource—it can be replaced fairly quickly without permanently depleting the Earth’s natural resources. By comparison, fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal require millions of years of natural processes to be produced. Bioenergy ranks second (to hydropower) in renewable U.S. primary energy production and accounts for three percent of the primary energy production in the United States. (10) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6gNC mQ9F_M&feature=related

9. Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters. Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel can also be used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil. Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B100) or may be blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration in most injection pump diesel engines. Since the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, biodiesel use has been increasing in the United States. In the UK, the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation obliges suppliers to include 5% renewable fuel in all transport fuel sold in the UK by 2010. For road diesel, this effectively means 5% biodiesel (B5 ) (3)

10. Applications Continued: British train operating company Virgin Trains claimed to have run the world's first "biodiesel train", which was converted to run on 80% petrodiesel and only 20% biodiesel, and it is claimed it will save 14% on direct emissions. The Royal Train on 15 September 2007 completed its first ever journey run on 100% biodiesel fuel supplied by Green Fuels Ltd. The Prince of Wales, and Green Fuels managing director, James Hygate, were the first passengers on a train fueled entirely by biodiesel fuel. Since, the Royal Train has operated successfully on B100 (100% biodiesel) Also in 2007, Disneyland began running the park trains on B98 (98% biodiesel). The program was discontinued in 2008 due to storage issues, but in January 2009, it was announced that the park would then be running all trains on biodiesel manufactured from its own used cooking oils. 2006 in the UK, Andrew J. Robertson presented his biodiesel heating oil research from his technical paper and suggested B20 biodiesel could reduce UK household CO 2 emissions by 1.5 million tons per year. A law passed under Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick requires all home heating diesel in that state to be 2% biofuel by July 1, 2010, and 5% biofuel by 2013. New York City has passed a similar law. (3)

11. Industry Perspective

12. The “Chicken and the Egg” proverbial problem “Markets cannot develop unless investments are made, and investments cannot be made unless the market is thought to be of sufficient size to justify them”

13. Commercial Viability/Current Trends

14. Biomass Topics of Discussion Combustion Chemicals from Gasification Impacts on greenhouse gas emissions Thermal conversion

15. Biodiesel Availiability of, is limited Carries a high production, but low triglyceride yields per unit growth area An example of a commercial biomass- based motor fuel is biodiesel fuel

16. Bioenergy/Biofuel Examples are: Wood Waste Straw Manure Sugarcane

17. Electric Vehicles FCVs (fuel cell vehicles) 40-60% energy efficiency BEVs (battery electric vehicles) HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles)

18. Rationale Within the Auto Industry Additional power for new types of accessories: – vehicle navigation / auto alert safety systems – onboard televisions/DVD players, – electrically actuated and controlled engine, exhaust – auxiliary systems – additional electric motors to control seats and window blinds

19. Career Opportunities Types of Engineers: Computer Engineers Electrical Engineers Mechanical Engineers General Engineers Materials Engineers Nuclear Engineer Petroleum Engineer Human Resource: Human Resources Assistant and Specialist Environmental Protection Specialist Mathematics and Statistics Mathematical Statistician Operations Research Analyst Physical Science Chemist Geologist Health Physicist Physical Scientist Physicist Power/Electrical Electric Power Controller Electrical Installer Public Utilities Specialist High Voltage Electrician (4.) Mechanical engineer or Component Designer for a company like the Scuderi Group or any automotive company working with higher efficiency technologies Salary: $70-95K/year

20. Career Opportunities Sapphire Energy The companies goal is to have high performance, low cost, and low carbon footprint biofuels in order to end up replacing conventional gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Within their company they have job listings for: Chemical Process Technician Electrical/Electronic Facilities Maintenance Tech Electrician Process Engineer Field Site Research Head Harvest Process Technicians Research Associate Scientist, Trait Discovery Senior Process Engineer Senior Project Engineer Sr. Human Resource Representative QC/QA Analytical Chemistry Manager (5.) BP Global BP has many job opportunities involving biofuel, ranging from Chemist (for research and technology) to engineers and biofuels financial analyst. Biofuel technology and advancement has been continually growing more important and popular. BP has engaged in projects intended to maintain their leadership and drive their performance; including biofuel “Already we are a leading player in the global biofuels market. In the US, BP blended about 763 million US gallons of ethanol and about 1 million US gallons of biodiesel in 2007 – about 10% of the global market. And in 2008 we produced our first bioethanol from a new sugar cane joint venture in Brazil.”(BP Golbal)

21. Energy Practice Leader Low-noise Analog Electronics Engineering Leader Mechanical Equipment Engineer Director of Fiber Mechanical Piping Engineering Mechanical Engineering

22. Ongoing Research and Development Algae Could yield 1,000- 20,000 gal per acre Landfill Gasses Use of methane gas byproduct of decomposition (14)

23. Ongoing Research and Development

24. (13)

25. Ongoing Research and Development Scuderi Engine Compressed Air Explination Video (12)

26. Ongoing Research and Development Lithium-Oxygen Batteries (11)

27. Future Trends Controversies and Issues in Biomass and Biofuels Advancement in technology

28. Future Trends Some companies looking into solutions: Biomass/BiofuelsHybrid-Electric Engines/Batteries Algae Boifuels Solix Biofuels Greenfuels Syntec Biofuels Scuderi Group Most Major Car Manufacturers National Transportation Research Center GM US Department of Energy

29. Wrap up Hybrids combine a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. Biomass is organic material from living or recently living organisms. Biofuel is converted biomass into energy. Bioenergy comes from biological sources to be used for heat, electricity, or vehicle fuel. Biodiesel is vegetable oil- or animal fat- based diesel fuel. There is a rush to find new sources of energy for cars due to the price of gasoline going up and the pollution that is given out from conventional gasoline cars. There will always be new types of energy being found because technology is constantly growing. The goal is to find an affordable energy resource that will sustain itself on earth.

30. Questions What are the most common jobs involved with Battery, Hybrid, and Electric Engines, Biomass, Bio energy and Biodiesel? How is biofuel used? What makes a car a hybrid? What is the cycle of Bio energy? How is Biodiesel made? How is Bioenergy used? What is the difference between parallel hybrids and series hybrids? What are some examples of bio energy/ biofuel? How is combustion used with biomass?

31. Sources 1.. 2.http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9023629&c ontentId=7043839. 3.Koonin, Steven E. "Looking at Biofuels and Bioenergy." Getting serious about Biofuels. 27 January 2006: 1734-44. Print. 4.. 5.. 6.E:\2nd semester ecu\ITEC 2080\Lectures\2012 Automotive Industry Perspective.htm 7.E:\2nd semester ecu\ITEC 2080\Lectures\biodesiel.htm 8.E:\2nd semester ecu\ITEC 2080\Lectures\biomass.htm 9.E:\2nd semester ecu\ITEC 2080\Lectures\future trends.htm 10.Figure: Bioenergy Europe Exhibition. 2011. Photograph. European Hydrogen Association. 11.http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/better-battery-storage- 0725.html 12.http://www.greencar.com/articles/scuderi-air-hybrid-engine-could- offer-big-mpg-gains.php 13.http://biofuel.org.uk/biofuel-from-waste.html 14.http://inhabitat.com/power-your-car-with-algae-algae-biocrude-by-livefuels/