1. Judicial Restraint v. Judicial Activism

2. Judicial Restraint Stick to a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Stick to a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Use the original intent of the Framers. Use the original intent of the Framers. If Constitution is silent or ambiguous, defer to states and/or elected branches. If Constitution is silent or ambiguous, defer to states and/or elected branches.

3. Judicial Restraint (cont.) Judges are not elected and not accountable to the people. Judges are not elected and not accountable to the people. They should not be policy makers. They should not be policy makers. They should not impose their personal views. They should not impose their personal views. Amendments can be used to update the Constitution if need be. Amendments can be used to update the Constitution if need be.

4. Judicial Activism The Constitution is a “living” document. The Constitution is a “living” document. A broad interpretation should be used to account for modern circumstances. A broad interpretation should be used to account for modern circumstances. Uphold the spirit of the Constitution, not just the letter. Uphold the spirit of the Constitution, not just the letter.

5. Judicial Activism (cont.) Courts are the last resort for the powerless. Courts are the last resort for the powerless. Legislative majorities can be discriminatory. Legislative majorities can be discriminatory. The Amendment process is too difficult to navigate. The Amendment process is too difficult to navigate.

6. Selective Incorporation

7. Does the Bill of Rights apply to actions taken by the states? Does the Bill of Rights apply to actions taken by the states? In Barron v. Baltimore (1833), John Marshall said NO! In Barron v. Baltimore (1833), John Marshall said NO! Federalism demands that state courts be allowed to adjudicate state laws and actions. Federalism demands that state courts be allowed to adjudicate state laws and actions.

8. Fed. Appeals Fed. District Courts State Appeals State District Courts FEDERALISMFEDERALISM State S.C. President CongressState Govt. Const. Bill of Rights

9. Selective Incorporation (cont.) During Reconstruction, the 14 th Amendment was passed to try and protect freed slaves from unfair state laws. During Reconstruction, the 14 th Amendment was passed to try and protect freed slaves from unfair state laws. By repeating the “Due Process” clause and creating the “Equal Protection” clause, Congress was hoping that unfair state laws could be struck down by the S.C.. By repeating the “Due Process” clause and creating the “Equal Protection” clause, Congress was hoping that unfair state laws could be struck down by the S.C..

10. Fed. Appeals Fed. District Courts State Appeals State District Courts FEDERALISMFEDERALISM State S.C. 14 th Amendment Congress President State Govt. Const. Bill of Rights

11. Selective Incorporation (cont.) In Gitlow v. NY (1925), the S.C. allowed an individual to use the 14 th Amendment to challenge a state law restricting free speech. In Gitlow v. NY (1925), the S.C. allowed an individual to use the 14 th Amendment to challenge a state law restricting free speech. Although the Court upheld Gitlow’s conviction, this case established a precedent that provisions of the Bill of Rights could be applied to the states. Although the Court upheld Gitlow’s conviction, this case established a precedent that provisions of the Bill of Rights could be applied to the states.

12. Selective Incorporation (cont.) The idea that the 14 th Amendment makes the Bill of Rights applicable to the states is called the “incorporation doctrine.” The idea that the 14 th Amendment makes the Bill of Rights applicable to the states is called the “incorporation doctrine.” Over the past 60 years, the S.C. has, on a case-by-case basis (i.e., selectively), “nationalized” most of the provisions of the Bill of Rights. Over the past 60 years, the S.C. has, on a case-by-case basis (i.e., selectively), “nationalized” most of the provisions of the Bill of Rights.

13. Fed. Appeals Fed. District Courts State Appeals State District Courts FEDERALISMFEDERALISM State S.C. 14 th Amendment Congress President State Govt. Const. Bill of Rights