1. The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire

5. 509 B.C.E- 29 B.C.E.

6.  2 Consuls  Rulers of Rome  Served one year term  Senate  Representative body composed of patricians  Patricians- Noble families  Tribal Assembly  Representative body for plebeians  Plebeians- lower class

7.  Provided political and social rights for the plebeians

8.  Extensive Road system  Aqueducts  Forum  Coliseum

16.  Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus  Gave the poor grain and small plots of free land  Gauis Marius  Recruited an army from the poor and homeless  Gave them land for their service  Professional standing army

17.  Class tensions  Gracchus brothers reforms did not work  Civil War Breaks out 88-82 B.C.E  New generals emerge  Sulla vs. Marius  Sulla named Dictator  Tries to Reform Rome  Reforms ultimately fail  Sulla relinquishes his power back to the Senate

18.  Group of three rulers  60 BC – Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey  dominate Rome for 10 years  Breakdown of Triumvirate:  Julius Caesar governing Gaul  Crassus sent to Persia  Pompei stays in Rome  Caesar marches on Rome 49 B.C.E.  Reforms as an Absolute Ruler  Death- Ides of March 44 B.C.E.

19. Et tu, Brute?

21.  Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus  ended in violence  Octavian defeated Antony & Cleopatra in battle of Actium 31 BC  Begins the Roman Empire

22. 27 BCE - 476 CE

23.  Octavian claimed to restore Republic  Augustus – exalted one  Imperator – supreme military commander (emperor)  Had right to select his own heir  Very simple and frugal

24.  207 years of peace  Roman Empire spanned more than 3 million square miles  Population: 60 - 80 million

26.  Ecomony  90% engaged in agriculture  Luxury items obtained through trade  Denarius – common coinage  Roman Roads  Government  Soldiers of Roman Army left in the provinces to govern  Often intermarried with locals  Locals allowed to keep customs and religious practices

28.  Roman empire was an empire with long, exposed landward frontiers.  African Coastal provinces flanked by deserts  False sense of security  Europe never satisfactorily defended  Even after 100 years of conquest/expansion  Most crucial mistake Caesar made was not expanding beyond the Rhine river and accepting those cultures  Would be bitter about not being included in the Roman Empire

30.  Sprawling Size  Long, vulnerable land frontier  Civil Wars  Uneasy relations with Persia  Christianity  Subversive- challenged worship of Emperor as divine  Germanic peoples coveted Roman Wealth

38.  Republic Government  Roman Law  Latin Language  Roman Catholic Church  Romanesque Architectural Style  Roman Engineering  Aqueducts  Sewage systems  Dams  Cement  Arch