1. Cloning

2. Cloning
Cloning is the process of forming identical genetic offspring from a single cell.
Cloning is referred to as asexual reproduction because the DNA originates from a single parent.
It is a natural process that happens daily in nature when organisms produce exact duplicates of themselves by asexual reproduction (binary fission, budding…).

3. The First Clone
Cloning started in 1958 when Frederic Stewart grew a carrot from root cells.
Clones are not actually identical in appearance; rather they are identical in genetics.
Remember: A clone has the genes of only 1 parent so it is genetically identical to that parent. (We have ½ our genes from one parent and ½ from the other.

4. The First Animal Clone
The frog was one of the first animals to be cloned.
Scientists extracted the nucleus from an unfertilized egg-this is called an “enucleated cell”
A nucleus from a cell in early stage of embryo development is put into the enucleated cell

5. This transplanted cell grew and divided like a normal cell and the adult frog was similar to the frog that donated the nucleus not the frog that donated the egg cell.
Cells had to come from a frog embryo which had not yet specialized, or cloning would not happen.

6. Cloning a mouse uses a similar technique to cloning the frog
Scientists were successful only when they took the nuclei from embryo cells up to the eight-cell stage, before the cells began to specialize

7. Dolly
In 1996, Dolly the sheep, a species much more complex than simple plants or bacteria, was cloned. She was the first fertile clone!
This is the most famous cloning case to date.
Genetic information from a FINN DORSET sheep.
Enucleated ovum from a POLL DORSET sheep.
Surrogate mother  Blackface sheep.
Offspring  Clone of the FINN DORSET.
Dolly showed signs of premature aging, possibly due to using specialized somatic cell nucleus.

8. Genetic information from a FINN DORSET sheep.
Enucleated ovum from a POLL DORSET sheep.
Surrogate mother  Blackface sheep.
Offspring  Clone of the FINN DORSET.

9. Other Clones Dolly the Sheep (1996) Tetra the Rhesus monkey (2000)
Xena the Pig (2000)
Alpha and Beta Male Cattle (2001)
CC the Cat (2001)
Idaho Gem & Utah Pioneer the Mules (03)
Dewey the Deer (2003)
Prometea the Horse (2003)

10. Types of Cloning
Recombinant DNA Cloning: Cloning a gene of particular interest.
Reproductive Cloning: Cloning that develops into a birth. (Stem cell)
Therapeutic cloning: Cloning with the goal of studying human development to treat disease.
Is cloning a human being, part or whole, ethical or unethical?