1.  The superpowers support opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts

2.  More Than One “World” o Third World—developing nations; often newly independent, nonaligned  Cold War Strategies o U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for influence over the Third World o They back revolutions and give economic, military and technical aid

3.  Association of Nonaligned Nations o Many countries, like India, want to avoid involvement in the Cold War o In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African leaders who want neutrality o Nonaligned nations—independent countries not involved in the Cold War

4.  Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution o Fidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against dictator supported by the U.S. o By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes economy, takes U.S. property o In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs

5. Fidel Castro

6.  Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis o In 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet missiles in Cuba o Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not to invade Cuba o Cuban economy is left dependent on Soviet support

7.  Civil War in Nicaragua o Anastasio Somoza Debayle—Nicaraguan dictator supported by the U.S. o Daniel Ortega—leads Sandinista rebels who take power in Nicaragua o U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support Sandinistas o Sandinistas aid Communist rebels in El Salvador o U.S. helps anti-Communist Contras in Nicaragua to assist El Salvador o In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections, Sandinistas lose

8. Daniel Ortega on Time magazine, March 31, 1986 Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S. supported president of Nicaragua from 1967-1980)

9.  Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran o Shah Reza Pahlavi embraces Western governments and oil companies o Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize British oil company o U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet encroachment Shah Reza Pahlavi

10.  The United States Supports Secular Rule o Shah Reza Pahlavi westernizes Iran with U.S. support o Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini—Iranian Muslim leader; lives in exile o In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran, Shah flees

11. Blindfolded American hostages in Iran in 1979.

12.  Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies o Islamic revolutionaries hold American hostages in Tehran (1979-1981) for 444 days o Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraq o Saddam Hussein, fearing the spread of the Iranian Revolution into Iraq, attacks Iran. o Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help Iraq

13. The Iran-Iraq War: Taking Sides

14.  The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan o Soviets invade Afghanistan to help Communist government against rebels o Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against Soviets with U.S. weapons o U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union o Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989