1. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 10 Surgery, Diabetes, Immunology, Lesions, and Prefixes of Numbers and Direction

2. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Type 1 Diabetes Individual produces very little or no endogenous insulin to carry glucose into cells Results in hyperglycemia Must take ectogenous (exogenous) insulin

3. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Symptoms of Diabetes Classic symptoms include excessive: –Urination poly/ur/ia –Thirst poly/dips/ia –Hunger poly/phag/ia

4. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with lapar/o lapar/o = combining form for abdominal wall Examples: –lapar/ectomy = excision of part of abdominal wall –lapar/o/scopy = process of examining abdominal wall –lapar/o/scope = instrument for examining abdominal wall

5. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Laparoscopic Procedures lapar/o/scop/ically assisted vaginal hyster/ectomy = removal of uterus through vagina looking through laparoscope lapar/o/scop/ic chole/cyst/ectomy = removal of gallbladder with assistance of laparoscope

6. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy

7. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with lapar/o lapar/o/tomy = incision into abdominal wall lapar/o/rrhaghy = suturing of abdominal wall

8. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with pry/o pyr/o = combining form with words to mean heat, fever, or fire Examples: –pyr/o/phobia = abnormal fear of fire –pyr/o/maniac = one who has excessive preoccupation for starting or seeing fires –pyr/osis = condition of heartburn –pry/o/toxin = poison produced by high body temperature

9. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fever hyper/pyrexia = condition of high fever –More than 102° Fahrenheit pyr/o/lysis = destruction by fever pry/o/meter = instrument for measuring heat –Thermometer

10. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sweat hidr/o = combining form for sweat Examples: –hidr/osis = condition of sweating –hyper/hidr/osis = profuse sweating –hidr/o/rrhea = flow of sweat –an/hidr/osis = absence of sweat –hidr/aden/itis = inflammation of sweat glands

11. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sugar glyc/o and gluc/o = sugar Examples: –glyc/o/genesis and gluc/o/genesis = formation of sugar –glyc/o/protein and gluc/o/protein = substance made of sugar and protein –glyc/o/suria and gluc/o/suria = sugar in urine –glyc/o/hem/o/globin = sugar and hemoglobin

12. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sugar Examples: –glyc/o/gen = starch formed from simple sugars and stored as reserve fuel –glyc/o/gen/esis = formation of glycogen from carbohydrates Body converts glycogen to glucose –Cells use to release energy –glyc/o/lysis = breakdown to glycogen to glucose

13. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sugar Examples: –glyc/o/rrhea = discharge of sugar from body –glyc/emia = sugar in blood –hyper/glyc/emia = high level of sugar in blood Symptom of diabetes –hypo/glyc/emia = low blood sugar Can occur if person produces too much insulin

14. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Sugar gluc/o = combining form for glucose Examples: –gluc/o/gen/esis = formation of glucose from glycogen stores –gluc/ose = used by muscles to release energy

15. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 –Characteristics: Exogenous insulin-dependent Onset in youth Tendency to ketoacidosis Viral etiology Autoimmune basis Genetic predisposition

16. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 –Characteristics: Noninsulin-dependent Onset in adults over age 40 Some endogenous insulin production Obesity or normal weight Can be treated with diet and oral hypoglycemic agents

17. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diabetes Mellitus Gestational –Characteristics: Occurs in individuals not previously diabetic Develop hyperglycemia during pregnancy May progress to diabetes mellitus or return to normal glucose levels postpartum

18. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immunology immun/ity = one of body’s defenses against disease immun/o = combining form Example: –immun/o/logy = study of function of immune system

19. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immunology Three types of immunity: 1.Natural Part of one’s physiology 2.Natural passive Passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy or to infant through breastfeeding 3.Artificial Scientifically designed –E.g., vaccinations

20. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immunology Artificial immunity –Passive immun/o/globulin injections = given to boost immune response –Active Vaccines containing specific antigens stimulate lymphatic system to produce matching antibodies

21. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immunology immun/o/therapy –immun/izations = injections that stimulate immune response Also known as vaccin/a/tions 11 recommend before age 7 for general population

22. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immunology Immune response –Production of antibodies by lymphocytes to disable antigens Antigen –Foreign substance that invades body

23. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immunology immun/o/deficiency = pertains to deficient immune system that is unable to fight off disease –HIV causes AIDS

24. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with aut/o aut/o = combining form for self Examples: –aut/o/nomic = self-controlling –aut/o/dia/gnos/is = diagnosing one’s own diseases –aut/o/phobia = abnormal fear of being alone –aut/o/lysis = self-destruction

25. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with aut/o aut/o/immun/ity = condition when body produces antibodies to its own tissue –Autoimmune disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus

26. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with aut/o aut/o/logous and aut/o/genous = adjectives meaning originating in itself or coming from one’s own body aut/o/logous blood transfusion = transfusion with one’s own blood drawn before having surgery

27. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with aut/o aut/o/hem/o/therapy = therapy with one’s own blood aut/o/graft = skin graft using one’s own healthy skin aut/o/plasty = surgery using grafts from one’s own body

28. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Numeric Prefixes GreekLatinMeaning hemi-semi-half mono-uni-one prot-prim-first di/plo-bi-two tri- three tetra-quadr-four

29. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Numeric Prefixes GreekLatinMeaning penta-quint-five hexa-sex/ta-six hepta-sept/a-seven octa-oct-eight enne-non/i-nine

30. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Numeric Prefixes GreekLatinMeaning deca- (10)dec/i- (0.1)ten or tenth hecto- (100)cent/i- (0.01)one hundred or one hundredth kilo- (1,000)mill/i- (0.001)one thousand or one thousandth

31. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: mono- mono- = one or single Examples: –mono/cyte = one cell Type of leukocyte –mono/cyt/osis = condition of increase in monocytes –mono/nucle/osis = viral infection that can damage liver Indicated by abnormally high monocyte count

32. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: mono- Examples: –mono/nucle/ar cell = has one nucleus –mono/graph = written study of single subject –mono/mania = preoccupation with one subject only –mono/ma = one tumor –mono/my/o/plegia = paralysis of one muscle –mono/neur/al = pertaining to one nerve

33. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: multi- multi- = many or more than one Adjectives meaning something has many: –multi/capsular = capsules –multi/glandular = glands –multi/nuclear = nuclei

34. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with para para = live birth –Used in words to indicate number of times woman has given birth multi/parous = adjectival form

35. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with para Examples: –multi/para = more than one child Multiple births –E.g., twins –nulli/para = no live births –primi/para = first live birth

36. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Example of Multiparous Birth

37. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with para para = whole word, suffix, and prefix –To indicate number of times woman has given birth, write para and number E.g., para II or para 2 E.g., para IV or para 4

38. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gravida Pregnant Origin –Latin –gravida = heavy or weighted down primi/gravida = first pregnancy

39. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gravida Medical notations: –E.g., four pregnancies, two live births, and two spontaneous abortions = grav 4, ab 2, and para 2 or G4, AB2, and P2

40. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefixes: deca- and deci- deca- = used in words to mean ten Example: –deca/liter = ten liters deci- = used in words to mean one tenth Example: –deci/liter = one tenth of a liter

41. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefixes: kilo- and milli- kilo- = used in words to mean one thousand Examples: –kilo/meter = one thousand meters –kilo/gram = one thousand grams

42. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefixes: kilo- and milli- milli- = used in words to mean one thousandth Examples: –milli/meter = one thousandth of a meter –milli/gram = one thousandth of a gram

43. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: hecto- hecto- = used in words to mean one hundred Examples: –hecto/meter = one hundred meters –hecto/gram = one hundred grams

44. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: centi- centi- = used in words to mean one hundredth Examples: –centi/meter = one hundredth of a meter –centi/gram = one hundredth of a gram

45. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cubic Centimeter (cc) Volume measurement frequently used when giving injections Amount equals space occupied by one centimeter cubed Medications sometimes expressed in fractions of a cc

46. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefixes of Direction PrefixMeaningSense of Direction ab-fromaway from de-fromdown from or from and resulting in less ex-fromout from

47. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: ab- ab- = away from Examples: –ab/duction = away from midline –ab/normal = away from normal –ab/errant = wandering away from normal course –ab/or/al = away from mouth –ab/irritant = something that takes away irritation

48. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Abduction and Adduction

49. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: ab- ab/lact/ation = taking baby away from breastfeeding or cessation of milk secretion ab/ort/ion = termination of pregnancy –Spontaneous abortion Naturally occurring termination of pregnancy Also known as miscarriage

50. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: ab- ab/rade = scrape skin away ab/rasion = injury involving scraping away of skin Other types of wounds: –Laceration Cut –Contusion Bruise

51. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: ab- ab/lation = surgical removal of body tissue end/o/metr/ial ab/lation = surgical procedure that destroys (takes away) uterine lining end/o/venous ab/lation = procedure that takes away varicose veins by collapsing vessel wall

52. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: de- de- = down from Examples: –de/cid/uous = pertains to falling off or shedding –de/cid/uous teeth = primary teeth that fall out during childhood Baby teeth –de/scend/ing nerve tract = one that comes down from brain

53. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: de- Examples: –de/hydr/ation = act of taking water from wet substance Body dehydration can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or high fever –de/hydr/ated = state of having less water than before

54. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: de- Examples: –de/calci/fication = removal of calcium from bones Caused by: –Insufficient calcium intake during pregnancy –Inadequate vitamin D »Controls calcium metabolism Can result in oste/o/por/osis in postmenopausal women

55. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: ex- ex- = out from Examples: –ex/cise = to cut out and remove part –ex/cis/ed = past tense –ex/tract/ion = procedure in which something is pulled out

56. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: ex- Examples: –ex/cretion = processing of expelling substance from body Usually refers to waste substances –Excretion of: carbon dioxide = respiratory ex/cretion sweat = dermal ex/cretion menses = menstrual ex/cretion

57. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: ex- Examples: –ex/tend = to straighten or lengthen –ex/tens/ion = straightening or lengthening flex/ion = bending or shortening With muscles, relaxing results in ex/tension and contracting results in flex/ion

58. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Extension and Flexion

59. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: iso- iso- = equal or same Examples: –iso/metr/ic = of equal dimensions –iso/cellular = composed of cells of same size –iso/dactyl/ism = fingers or toes of equal length –iso/therm/al = pertaining to equal temperature

60. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: iso- Examples: –iso/ton/ic = having same osmotic pressure as RBCs and will not destroy them E.g., normal saline, intravenous glucose hyper/tonic = having higher osmotic pressure than RBCs hypo/tonic = having lower osmotic pressure than RBCs

61. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Movement of Matter Diffusion –Intermingling of substances by natural movement of their particles Osmosis –Movement of particles through semipermeable membrane until levels of concentration equal

62. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Movement of Matter Filtration –Filtering to remove solid particles

63. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with aniso anis/o = combining form for unequal Example: –aniso/cyt/osis = condition with cells of unequal size Normal RBCs are same size Possible cause: –Unhealthy bone marrow

64. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with mast/o mast/o = combining form for breast Examples: –aniso/mast/ia = unequal size of woman’s breasts –mast/o/carcin/oma = cancerous tumor of breast –mast/ectomy = excision of all or part of breast Radical and simple

65. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefixes of Place PrefixMeaningDifferentiation dia-through or complete Greek prefix used with combining forms for medical terminology per-throughLatin prefix used more often in ordinary English peri-aroundGreek prefix used with combining forms for medical terminology circum-aroundLatin prefix used more often in ordinary English

66. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: peri- peri- = around Examples: –peri/articular = around articulations and joints –peri/tonsill/ar = around tonsil –peri/col/ic = around colon –peri/chondr/al = around cartilage

67. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: peri- Examples: –peri/odont/al = pertaining to diseases of support structures around teeth –peri/cardi/ectomy = excision of tissue around heart Pericardium

68. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: peri- Words meaning inflammation around: –peri/aden/itis = gland –peri/colp/itis = vagina –peri/hepat/itis = liver

69. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefixes: para- and peri- para- –Used more often for conditions with suffixes -ia, -osis, -itis, and -oma peri- –Common anatomic term prefix –E.g., peri/cardium, peri/toneum, peri/osteum

70. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: circum- circum- = around Examples: –circum/duct/ion = moving around in circular motion –circum/ocul/ar = around eyes –circum/oral = around mouth

71. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: circum- Examples: –circum/cis/ion = to cut around Surgical removal of foreskin of penis –circum/scrib/ed = limited in space as if line drawn around it –circum/scrib/ed lesions = skin lesions limited in space they cover E.g.,. boils, pimples, pustules

72. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: dia- dia- = through Examples: –dia/gnosis = knowing through –dia/thermy = heating through –dia/rrhea = flowing through –di/ur/etic = substance that causes increase in urine output –di/ur/esis = process of causing urine to flow more rapidly

73. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Suffix: -esis -esis = suffix meaning action or process –dia/phor/esis = action of profuse sweating –arthr/o/desis = action of immobilizing joint –hemat/o/poi/esis = process of forming blood

74. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: per- per- = through per/for/ated = adjectival form Examples: –per/for/ate = to make hole through something –per/for/ation = puncture or hole through something –per/for/ated ulcer = ulcer that has eaten hole through stomach wall

75. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: per- Examples: –per/cuss/ion= striking through Tapping on surface to determine underlying conditions –per/fus/ion = supplying tissues with oxygen and nutrients through blood supply or other tissue fluids per/fus/ate = adjectival form per/fuse = verb form

76. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with necr/o necr/o = combining form for death Origin –Greek –necros = corpse

77. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with necr/o Examples: –necr/osis = condition when dead tissue surrounded with healthy tissue Loss of blood supply Gangrene sets in –Localized death of tissue –necr/o/tic = pertaining to dead tissue

78. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with necr/o Examples: –de/bride/ment of necr/o/tic tissue = treatment for severe burns de/bride/ment = removal of damaged tissue –necr/ectomy = excision of dead tissue –necr/o/phobia = abnormal fear of dead bodies –necr/o/philia = abnormal or unusual attraction to dead bodies

79. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with necr/o Postmortem examination –Examination of body after death –Terms for this procedure: aut/o/psy necr/o/psy necr/o/scopy

80. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Suffixes: -phobia and -philia SubjectAbnormal FearAbnormal Attraction dead bodiesnecr/o/phobianecr/o/philia waterhydr/o/phobiahydr/o/philia firepyr/o/phobiapyr/o/philia airaer/o/phobiaaer/o/philia selfaut/o/phobiaaut/o/philia