1. Fundementals of Information Technology (Intro)

2. What is Information??? §Opinion §Science §Knowledge

3. Going to the cinema; §Hours §Tranportation §Costs §Films §Possible Seats????

4. How can we learn them? §Newspapers §Magazines §Asking to someone else §Internet §Phone …..etc.

5. Information technology is... §IT refers to the role of technology in gathering and using information §Information is an increasingly important resource for businesses and individuals §Computer and communications technologies are more powerful, flexible and cheaper than ever before

6. How can we learn them? §Newspapers §Magazines §Think that we don’t know how to read- write? §Internet §Think that we don’t know how to use computers? §Asking to someone else §Phone …..etc. §Think that we don’t know the speaken language?

7. IT is; §All the technologies that we talked about and all the knowledge to use them. §The main purpose is to know much to make better decisions.

8. Information systems - examples §The spreadsheet I use to record BİL158 marks §An expert system used to diagnose car faults §An executive information system that summarises the state of the business and compares with competitors §A supermarket’s stock control system

9. Information systems §System (usually computerised) that helps an organisation carry out its tasks and achieve its goals §An Information System is a set of interrated parts that work together to produce, distribute, and use information products. §Components: –hardware –software –data / information –people –procedures

10. What computers do §A computer has just four basic operations: l receive data as input from the outside world l process this data l output useful information to the outside world l store data and information for further use §It processes raw data to make useful information. But it can perform these operations very fast, accurately and reliably, and can store huge amounts of information

12. Hardware §Hardware consists of: l input devices l output devices l processing (the CPU and main memory) l storage l communications hardware

13. Software §Software (programs) is what makes the computer a general purpose tool - changing the software changes the function l Applications software - useful to the user eg. Word XP, games, a payroll system l Systems software - needed to ‘run’ the computer eg. Windows XP, Macintosh OS, anti-virus programs

14. People - the most important part of an information system §Customers - ultimate users of the information system §Workers and managers - use the information system to carry out their tasks §Systems personnel - ensure the system runs effectively on a day-to-day basis §Systems analysts/programmers - design and develop the information system §End user developers

15. Evolution of computers and communication technology §Institutional computing era (1950- ) l large expensive systems for basic organisational tasks §Personal computing era (1975- ) l small, cheap desktop computers for personal use §Today - interpersonal computing (1995- ) l networks of interconnected computers, the Internet and World Wide Web

16. Categories of computers §Mainframes and supercomputers l large organisations: banks, airlines etc l powerful ‘number crunching’ for research l many users, connected via terminals enabling ‘timesharing’ l servers provide software and other resources to networked computers l Hence ‘enterprise’ server

17. Categories of computers §Personal computers and workstations single user, for personal productivity often networked Workstations may be used as mid-range servers

18. Categories of computers §Portable computers l laptops, notebooks, personal digital assistants (PDAs) in the form of palmtop and handheld computers §Embedded computers l cars, microwave ovens, etc; sensors and control systems l are single-purpose, not general purpose

19. Trends - hardware §Faster, smaller, more powerful processors §More direct, easier to use input and output devices §Larger storage capacity §Faster, wider bandwidth communications media to transmit more information §Linking computers together in networks - local area networks, wide area networks, the Internet

20. Trends - software §Easy to use software, integration of different tools §Multimedia is widespread §System development is moving from the hands of the professionals to the end user §Use of artificial intelligence

21. Trends - social §the threat to personal privacy §the hazards of high-tech crime and the difficulty of keeping data secure §the difficulty of defining and protecting intellectual property §the risks of failure of computer systems §the dangers of dependence on complex technology

22. Computer Hardware Parts of a computer system

23. COMPUTER FACTS §A computer is an electronic device which works within a binary digital system and has 4 functions: l Accept input ( data – isolated facts ) l Process input ( data ) l Produce output ( information – processed data ) l Storage

24. Tower CPU RAM BUS Hard Drive Floppy CD Drive Ports printer mouse Monitor keyboard Peripheral devices

25. System unit (box) §We call this box by several names: l Computer l Tower l Desktop §This box contains: l CPU l Drives l System board l Slots l Interface cards l Power Supply l Ribbons, connections, etc.

26. Computer (System Unit) Switch Reset Button

27. The Back of a Computer §This is where devices are “plugged” into the computer: §mouse §keyboard §printer §internet connection §monitor §etc.

28. Front Panel §The front has been removed to show: §switches §floppy §CD drive

29. Power Supply §The power supply reduces house current to smaller voltages (5 and 12 V.) §Notice the many wires protruding from the back of the power supply §These wires provide current for the various parts of the computer

30. Inside the Computer

31. System Board §Also called the mainboard §Has slots for cards, rams and cpu. §Devices are connected to mainboard §With the ways on it transfer data from one place to another.

32. CPU (Central Processing Unit) §Controls the system §Performs mathematical operations §Logic is performed here §Has a cooling fan attached cause temperature is important

33. Memory... §ROM (Read Only Memory) l PROM l EPROM l EEPROM §RAM(Random Access Memory) l DRAM l SRAM

34. ROM(Read Only Memory) §Programs written once and can be read many(Power source is NOT important) §Holds BIOS programme §PROM (Programmable chip with a programming device) §EPROM(Can be programmed with light) §EEPROM(Programmed by power source)

35. RAM Random Access Memory Storage Units

36. BIT = smallest unit of storage binary digit; 1 or a 0 = 8 bits KILOBYTEMEGABYTEGIGABYTETERABYTEBYTE = 1,000 bytes = 1,000,000 bytes = 1,000,000,000 bytes = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes

37. RAM FACTS §Holds data and instructions waiting for processing by the CPU §Temporary storage §Contents are deleted when power source removed.

38. DRAM §Is used memory in the computers §EDODRAM §SDRAM §DDRRAM are the kinds...

39. SRAM §Main difference from DRAM is no need to update the data §Included in CPU nowadays §Costs more than DRAM §So it is used for cache

40. CACHE §Cache is fast accessing intermediate memory that holds the most needed data and instructions. §It is smaller than RAM. §Because it is smaller than RAM a search of cache is faster memory access. §Therefore it is always searched first when available.

41. CPU CACHE RAM HDD How does the data flow?

42. Chips and Interface Cards

43. All secondary storage has 2 parts: §A disk – a platter which stores the data/inforamtion §A drive – mechanism which reads the disk NOTE: a read/write head is part of the drive which sits over the disk and read the data

44. Hard Drive

45. All Disks have two parts: SECTOR S TRACK S

46. All Disks have two parts: This makes an Addressable Space. Therefore, Disks are Randomly Accessible.

47. Hard Drives §Composed of several disks. §Very large, permanent storage. §Not portable storage. §Disks are magnetic.

48. Floppy Drive (3 1/2”)

49. Floppy Drives §Composed of one disk. §Small storage.(Max. 1,44 MB) §Portable storage. §Disks are magnetic.

50. CD Drive

51. CD Drives §Composed of one disk. §Large, permanent storage.(=~¨700 MB) §Portable storage. §Disks work with light waves.

52. DVD Drives §All the specifications are same with the CD Drives but they can store larger data than CD technology (up to 12 GB or more...)

53. Video Card By video cards datas in computers can be seen on monitors... Has a memory in. Can be PCI or AGP

54. Monitor Are used to display data in Graphical User Interface Monitors has dots to show the data. They are called pixels. Pixels must be closer to see detailed...

55. Communication Devices §Devices that allow users separated by distance and time to exchange documents, files, graphics, and other digital information.

56. Keyboard

57. Mouse

58. Ink Jet Printer

59. Dot Matrix Printer

60. Laser Printer

61. Software §According to the American Heritage Dictionary software is § "The programs, routines, and symbolic languages that control the functioning of the hardware and direct its operation."

62. Software §In other words, software instructs the hardware what to do, and uses the hardware to perform specific tasks. §Such as display information on a screen, format a floppy disk, etc. There are 2 main types of software §What are the types...

63. Types of Software §Operating systems l a set of programs that manage the computer (e.g. loads & controls the execution of other programs, manages the storage of data on disks)

64. Types of Software §Applications Software: l Programs written for specific purposes in order to perform functions specified by end users.

65. Operating Systems §Operating Systems §MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), also known as PC-DOS (Personal Computer Disk Operating System), l is the standard OS on Intel-based microcomputers, and is often referred to simply as DOS.

66. Operating Systems §MS Windows (Microsoft Windows): l a GUI (Graphical User Interface) that works with DOS to provide a more user-friendly and powerful interface to the computer and its' applications. l current versions of MS Windows (including 3.11) are not true operating systems, and require DOS to be installed on the computer before function.

67. Operating Systems §Windows NT & Windows 95 & Windows 98, 2000 and XP are true operating systems (i.e.. they do not require DOS) which have a GUI superior to MS Windows.

68. Operating Systems Windows XP and 2000 are the latest version of Windows from Microsoft, l intend to replace Windows 95, DOS, and MS Windows as the operating system of the future for home uses.

69. Operating Systems §Given the rapid change of hardware technology DOS and Windows are dying rapidly. §New systems come with a newer version of OS installed automatically. §Usually have a choice of one of: Windows NT, Windows 95, or Windows 98, 2000 and XP.

70. Operating Systems §The Macintosh operating system is used on Apple computers, and was the first GUI- based operating system. §Has always been the easiest to learn/use operating system, §But has been limited to the proprietary Apple hardware, and therefore not as popular as DOS and Windows.

71. Operating Systems §OS/2 was the first advanced GUI operating system for Intel-based microcomputers, and has been around for a few years. §Originally a joint project with IBM and Microsoft, OS/2 is now maintained by IBM, and was a competitive product to the various MS Windows programs.

72. Operating systems §Such as network servers, and certain business applications. §OS/2 is used heavily in the Banking industry. You probably use OS/2 when getting money from an ATM machine.

73. Operating Systems §UNIX is an operating system l has been most popular on workstations and other high-end computer systems. l various flavours of UNIX, such as AIX (the version used on Juliet), NeXTStep, and Solaris, which tend to be developed for specific vendor hardware platforms.

74. Operating Systems §Linux: UNIX-like operating system : l developed firstly by a student from Finland l works on a wide variety of vendor systems, including Intel microcomputers. §UNIX is a very powerful and rich operating system, but also very difficult to master.

75. Applications Software §Word Processing l Software for creating standard text documents, such as reports, books, etc. l examples are Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, and Write.

76. Applications Software §Word processors are distinguished from the simpler text editors, by l the inclusion of more advanced features (word wrap, headers & footers, etc.), and l more complex proprietary data formats. Text editors have limited functionally.

77. Application Software §Desktop publishing software: l more sophisticated programs for creating large documents (e.g. books), or documents with a lot of graphic (newsletters, brochures, etc.) l examples are Pagemaker and Ventura.

78. Application Software §Spreadsheets l Software for working with numeric data, calculations and graphing/charting. l examples: Microsoft Excel; Lotus 1-2-3, and Quattro Pro.

79. Application Software §Databases l allows the creation of highly structured containers for storing information about things. l examples: Microsoft Access, Paradox, and Oracle. l examples of types of database systems would be inventory systems, or bank accounts.

80. Application Software §Databases describe l the characteristics of things (e.g. name, address and phone number for a mailing list), and l allow the user to input values for storage, and retrieve them at a later date.

81. Application Software §Communications l allows one computer to communicate with another. l Examples are Procomm and Kermit. §Communications software often uses a modem to provide the communications link with another computer system.

82. Application Software §Graphics l allows the user to create or edit images, such as line art; photographs, or drawings. l examples are Corel Draw, Morph and Adobe Photoshop.

83. Application Software §Presentation/Multimedia l allows the user to combine various data formats (text, images, audio, video) to create products like business presentations, educational programs, games, etc. l examples are Microsoft Powerpoint and Macromedia Director.

84. Application Software §Programming l used to create other software programs. l examples are Visual Basic and Borland C++.

85. Application Software §Utilities l performs a variety of functions for maintaining and administering other software programs, data files, and hardware. l examples are PCtools and Norton Utilities.

86. Application Software §Games & Edutainment - Games are, well, games. §Edutainment software l a new term used to describe software that uses a game-like environment to teach about specific topics.

87. Application Software §Viruses l special software programs that can "infect" other software

88. Application Software §Industrial - Specialized software l programs used to control machines or devices such as: photocopiers; robotics; cars; space shuttles; etc.

89. And software types can be change by the legal usage... §Public Domains : everyone can use limitless and no payment is needed... §Sharewares : Everyone can use for a limited time and if want to use afterwards payment is needed...

90. LAN/WAN

91. Networks NETWORK Each computer has its own Operating System

92. The Client Server Model NETWORK SERVERCLIENT Client to server: request for service Server to client: response

93. Server running Unix, NT or some similar OS Ethernet Hub PC Serial Line Interface Router WAN link Ethernet Interface Network Hardware Ethernet Interface Router WAN link

94. A Wide Area Network Server PC Typically a multi-city network

95. LAN Is Limited To... §Most LAN networks are confined to a single building or group of buildings. §A LAN can be connected to other LAN’s via a telephone.

96. Definitions §Ethernet:Developed by Xerox Corporation with DEC and Intel.Transfer rate of 10 MBPS. Fast Ethernet can handle up to 1Gbps. §Apple talk:Inexpensive local area network build in to all apple MAC. computers. Supports apples local talk,and Ethernet,as well as IBM's token ring

97. LAN vs. WAN §LAN:Local Area Network. §Used for short distances. Such as buildings and groups of buildings. §Can be used for work groups. §WAN:Wide Area Network. §Used for long geographical areas like countries and the world. §The world wide web.

98. Wide Area Networks can be used to interconnect LANs LAN R R R

99. Wireless §PDAs l Palm Pilot, MS CE §Mobile phones §Wireless LAN §CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) l This is a direct digital cellular service l Follows closely the OSI model l E,I,A Interfaces

100. Telephone Wires and Modems... §We use modems to convert the digital data to analog data to use telephone lines by transportation. §Dial-up modems can transfer 56 Kbps max. §Firms are trying to use ISDN(Integrated Service Digital Network) §DSL(Digital Subscriber Line) is more faster than Dial-up.

101. Telephone Wires and Modems... §ADSL is a form of DSL. §It uses the spare frequency of the copper telephone wires. §So communication of the computers are faster and the other frequency can be used for phone calls. §ADSL speed changes 64 Mbps to 2048 Mbps for the Internet...

102. What is the Internet? §It is the unique global network connecting individual networks which may use different protocols internally. A gateway connects the individual network to the Internet, doing the necessary protocol translation.  It is the special case of an “internet” which is a network of networks. The inter-connection uses TCP/IP.

103. TCP/IP §Internet Protocol is like the phone number of a computer on a network. Must have one to talk with others. §Transfer Control Protocol helps the computer to sent and get files more than bandwith can transport in once... §By the protocol files can divided into parts and at the other side the protocol makes them connect...

104. Computer Virus  A computer program usually hidden within another seemingly harmless program.  It produces copies of itself and inserts them into other programs.  A computer virus usually performs a malicious action, such as destroying data.  7-10 new viruses are found every day.

105. Effects of Computer Viruses  It can destroy data and programs in computers.  It effects any computer that opens the seemingly harmless program.  It makes the computer crash  Sometimes it can destroy the hardware of the computer

106. Examples of Viruses  The Klez virus.  My party virus.

107. Klez virus  This first appeared in April 2002.  The message usually appears to be from someone you know.  The message may say the attachment is an anti-virus tool or a new game.  Subject field can vary.  May show in subject field as “Hi” or “Hello” or “How are you?”.

108. My party virus  First appeared in January 2002.  The subject lines may vary.  Usually along the lines of “New photos from my party”.  The note will tell you that there are pictures attached in order to get you to open the attachment.  Attachment may look like a website address and not an attachment.

109. 109 Boot-sector infectors Attach to the “boot sector” of a disk Virus activated whenever computer reboots Macro viruses Attach to documents and spreadsheets When user opens documents, virus spreads to word processing programs Types of Viruses §File infectors l Attach themselves to programs on infected computers l Virus runs when user runs a program

110. Other Malicious Programs Trojan Horses l Involves human interaction l Users run the program intentionally, but it does something more than user thought it would l Not a virus for it does not spread on it’s own, but does have virus-like effects Example: A friend sends you a game he/she found on the Internet. You run the game, finding it rather fun. However, without your knowledge, part of the program is searching your hard drive for password files. Your password files are sent to the person who originally wrote the program, leaving your system and identity vulnerable to potential damage.

111. Other Malicious Programs Worms Involves no direct human interaction Like a virus, but spreads from computer to computer via a network Example: Your computer has fallen victim to the Code Red Worm. How did this happen? An Internet Information Server (IIS), often running by default in many Windows operating systems & known for its vulnerabilities, served as the Code Red worm transmitter. Through the Internet, the Code Red actively sought computers running the IIS. Many users were unaware the IIS program was operating on their computer, thus infection by the Code Red worm.

112. How Much Damage? Benign Viruses Annoying, but not serious Example: You attempt to shut down your computer, and the message “Parity Check” is displayed. This is the only effect of a benign virus, the Parity Check. Malignant Viruses Serious viruses Cause great damage that may or may not be repairable Example: CIH Virus activates on 26 th of each month. It overwrites most of data on infected hard drive and Flash BIOS. The BIOS software, located in the motherboard, tells computer to boot. No BIOS, no booting!

113. Common Ways Viruses Spread §Email attachments §Shared files §Floppy disks §Infected documents and infected word processors Important: Viruses almost never spread between operating systems such as Mac and Windows!

114. Ways to Prevent Viruses §Install a virus scanner l Many are free l Keep it updated l Program it to run automatically l A few examples Norton Panda Mcafee §Do not run programs found randomly on the Internet §If you use Microsoft Word or Excel, disable macros

115. Prevention (continued) §Only open expected email attachments l Do not open anything from people you do not know l If you are not expecting it, even from someone you know, do not open it! §Disable auto-run features in email programs §Use Virus Scanner before opening downloaded Internet files §Keep your operating system and programs up-to-date §Turn off scripting in your web browser

116. How Do I Know If I Have a Virus? Some typical symptoms that may indicate a virus infection include: §Virus checker gives a detected virus warning §Strange messages appear §Computer crashes more frequently §Strange files you do not recognize start appearing §Files get bigger or disk space disappears for no apparent reason §Programs stop working as expected

117. I Think I Have a Virus! §Stop using the computer §Write down any strange messages or warnings §Do not reboot, open files, or run programs §Run your virus scanner §Seek tech support help

118. How to protect yourself  Do not open any e- mails that are sent from someone you don’t know.  Especially do not open any e-mail attachments.  Install anti-virus software into your computer and keep it updated.  Scan any documents you receive with your anti-virus software.  Make everyone you know aware of any viruses.