1. Urban ecosystem-based adaptation: lessons from the land of drought, fire and flooding rains Alexei Trundle Ecosystem services in support of livable cities November 2014

2. The short of it 1.Melbourne’s 3 changing climates 2.Understanding the urban system: growth & efficiency 3.Beyond livable cities: desirability, equity and functionality Q: What principles underpin the use of ecosystem services to make cities more livable under a changing climate? Source: Chris Hadfield - YouTubeSource: David Latimer, Dailymail.co.uk Source: Crowded House album cover, Wikipedia

3. Four Seasons in One Day 1. Melbourne’s Three Changing Climates

4. 1. Global Climate Change Sources:, Melbourne Water Annual Report, 2014 State of the Climate Report; own work based on BoM data Source: 2014 State of the Climate Report Source: CAWCR 2011 Source: Own analysis based on BoM weather station data Melbourne Mean Rainfall Change 1950-2009 Melbourne Mean Temperature Change 1910-2014 Melbourne Average Annual Rainfall1914-2014 Melbourne Excess Heat Factor Days p.a.1856-2014

5. 2. Urban Climate Phenomena Wind Urban Boundary Layer Sources: US EPA (2009), City of Melbourne (2011), Lougnan et al. 2007, Fairfax 1999

6. 3. Existing climate variability: temporal Source: climatehistory.com.au – Federation Drought circa 1900 Source: climatehistory.com.au – Melbourne CBD 1860 Source: heraldsun.com.au – Melbourne CBD 2011 Source: theage.com.au – Sugarloaf Reservoir 2009

7. Spatial Scale Lougnan et al 2009 City-Wide / Metro Suburban / LGAStreetscape / Lot City of Melbourne 2012 3. Existing climate variability: spatial “Increasing canopy coverage is key” Melbourne Water 2010 Temporal Variation Tapper et al 2009 “Our whole locality is a hotspot” “It’s an inner city problem” Spatial Variation

8. Balance and Boundaries 2. Understanding the Urban System

9. A theoretical overview Familiarity with Extreme Heat

10. Multiple Thresholds: Climate Resilience In theory, an efficient economy optimally produces the things people want and value. However, the paradox of optimization is that optimization is often applied too narrowly. - Dr Brian Walker Stockholm Resilience Institute Bushfire Risk?

11. Linking Public Benefits to Public Funding GreenspacesGreenspaces Public spaces, mitigated flash flooding, reduced urban heat Cool roofs Walkable 20min neighbourhoods, improved transport links, reduced open space CBD demand Liveable city objectives, urban climate resilience, building design exemplars, enhanced biodiversity

12. Policy & Decision-makers: Targeting Benefits Whole-of-Govt. Health Sector Transport Planning Urban Planning Linking benefits and costs to stakeholders and sectors is central to creating change and understanding the urban (or any other) system. Stakeholder ‘definitions’ of key concepts can have long-term and wide- reaching implications. Understanding and integrating both climatic and non-climate shifts spatially and dynamically is central to measuring vulnerability and risk. Linking benefits and costs to stakeholders and sectors is central to creating change and understanding the urban (or any other) system. Stakeholder ‘definitions’ of key concepts can have long-term and wide- reaching implications. Understanding and integrating both climatic and non-climate shifts spatially and dynamically is central to measuring vulnerability and risk.

13. Sitting in a tin can 3. Beyond Livable Cities

14. Livable for who, where and how? Images: google; youtube; flickr; wordpress

15. Mapping Benefits, Beneficiaries & Options UHI Mitigation Approaches CCAP 2012 City of Liverpool 2010 GI Implementation Benefits UHI UHI reduction for climate change adaptation through Green Infrastructure

16. A Public-Private Precinct Platform RMIT: 6% of CBD’s GFA, more roofspace than local or state government Students/staff use CBD for food services, recreational space, transport routes.. but campus can reduce heat, stormwater runoff & activate rooftops RMIT: 6% of CBD’s GFA, more roofspace than local or state government Students/staff use CBD for food services, recreational space, transport routes.. but campus can reduce heat, stormwater runoff & activate rooftops

17. Key Points Urbanisation is a dynamic process which interacts with climate change as well as local climatic conditions. However a more fundamental function is the interaction between the human behavioural and socio-cultural patterns that underpin urbanisation, and the environment surrounding them. Strategies to improve the urbanisation process (whether climate threats, reducing a city’s global footprint, or improving livability) require an understanding of the urban system’s boundaries, limits and externalities (+/-). ‘Livability’ reflects the subjective values placed upon perceptions of what an urban environment should contain, as well as how it should interact with it’s inhabitants, by all stakeholders.

18. Thanks alexei.trundle@rmit.edu.au RMIT Climate Change Adaptation Program, Melbourne