1. FIELD BIOLOGY THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

2. BIOLOGY Bios (Greek) = Logos (Greek) = Life Study

3. BIOLOGY - ZOOLOGY - BOTANY Two Sub-fields:

4. BOTANY Botane (Greek) = Logos (Greek) = Plant Study

5. ZOOLOGY Zoon (Greek) = Logos (Greek) = Animal Study

6. TAXONOMY Original classification schemes: - were based on the idea of “fixity of species”. - were based on similar external features.

7. Carolus Linnaeus - first to catalog organisms based on the function of a structure. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778

8. Carolus Linnaeus - later others added the origin of the structure as a criteria. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778

9. - Was the structure from independent evolution? Origin of a structure Euphorbia – African Desert Cactus – Mexican Desert

10. - Or was it from a common ancestor? Origin of a structure Ostrich - AfricaRhea – S. America

11. Is the structure an Analogous structure or an Homologous Structure?

12. - different internal structure Analogous Structures - no common evolutionary origin - have similar functions

13. - have a similar evolutionary origin Homologous Structures - but may have different functions

15. The modern Linnaean system assumes that the more homologies two species share… the closer they must be in terms of evolutionary distance.

16. The closer they are in terms of evolutionary distance… the more likely they should be in similar classification groups.

18. Linnaean System Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species - Animalia - Chordata - Mammalia - Primates - Hominidae - Homo - sapiens

19. Kingdoms? In Ancient times: 1 Animalia Woof !

20. Kingdoms? In Ancient times: 1 Animalia 2 Plantae

21. Kingdoms? By 1969 we had... 1 Animalia 2 Plantae 3 4 Protista 5 Monera 3 Fungi

22. Kingdoms? Today: 1 Animalia 2 Plantae 3 Fungi 4 Protista 6 Eubacteria 5 Archaebacteria 1 - 4 = Cell Type? 5 - 6 = Cell Type? 1 - 4 = Eukaryotic 5 - 6 = Prokaryotic 6 ? 5 ?

23. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Anerobic

24. Archaebacteria Eubacteria

25. PlantaeAnimalia Fungi Protista Animal-like Protists Fungus-like Protists Plant-like Protists Archaebacteria Eubacteria

26. PlantaeAnimalia Fungi Protista Animal-like Protists Fungus-like Protists Plant-like Protists Archaebacteria Eubacteria

27. Order Family Genus Species Kingdom Phylum Class

28. Binomial Nomenclature - Two Latin Names; genus & species, to designate each type of organism

29. Species name: ex: Homo sapiens, or "man who is wise" Homo is our genus sapiens is our species

30. - if two organisms can mate and produce fertile offspring, they are probably members of the same species. Define “Species” ?

31. A few thoughts about life over the long term...

32. Supernovas can occur approx. every 50,000 years and can bombard this planet with up to 700 roentgens of radiation.

33. Most forms of life can not survive over 500 roentgens.

34. 99% of all plant and animal species that have ever existed on this planet have already become extinct.

35. Large animals, including humans, are freakishly rare life forms, since 99% of all known animal species are smaller than bumble bees.

36. Just THINK about that for a moment...