1. Biology
Ch. 18 Review

2. Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part because organisms
are going extinct.
are very numerous and diverse.
are too much alike.
share too many derived characters.

3. The study of organisms requires the use of
only large, general categories of organisms.
only small, specific categories of organisms.
both large and small categories of organisms.
no categories of organisms.

4. Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally accepted name in the system known as
traditional classification.
the three domains.
binomial nomenclature.
cladistics.

5. For many species, there are often regional differences in their
common names.
scientific names.
taxa.
binomial nomenclature.

6. In taxonomy, a group at any level of organization is referred to as a
cladogram.
binomial.
taxon.
system.

7. Scientists have identified and named
all living species.
all living and extinct species.
all extinct species.
a fraction of all species.

8. In the scientific version of a species name, which of the terms is capitalized?
the first term only
the second term only
both the first and second terms
neither the first nor the second term

9. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same
class.
family.
genus.
species.

10. How do binomial, or two-part, names compare with early versions of scientific names?
They are longer.
They are shorter.
They are completely descriptive.
They are in English.

11. The second part of a scientific name is unique to each
order in its class.
family in its order.
genus in its family.
species in its genus.

12. Often, the second part of a scientific name is
a Latinized description of a particular trait.
the same as for other members of the same genus.
capitalized if it derives from a proper name.
different in different locations.

13. Before Linnaeus, scientific names were problematic because they were
too brief to be descriptive.
very long and difficult to standardize.
written only in Greek.
written only in Latin.

14. In Linnaeus’s system of classification, how many taxonomic categories were there?
one
three
five
seven

15. A genus is composed of a number of related
kingdoms.
phyla.
orders.
species.

16. Several different classes make up a
kingdom.
phylum.
family.
genus.

17. Which two kingdoms did Linnaeus recognize?
bacteria and animals
plants and fungi
plants and animals
protists and animals

18. Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the class
Amphibia.
Mammalia.
Aves.
Reptilia.

19. The most general and largest category in Linnaeus’s system is
the phylum.
the kingdom.
the genus.
the domain.

20. Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarily
extinct organisms.
RNA similarities.
DNA similarities.
general similarities in appearance.

21. Sometimes, organisms that are not closely related look similar because of
convergent evolution.
molecular clocks.
mutations.
reclassification.

22. The procedure of grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history is called
traditional classification.
binomial nomenclature.
derived characters.
evolutionary classification.

23. In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus should
be more similar to each other than they are to other species.
not be similar in appearance.
be limited to species that can interbreed.
have identical genes.

24. What kind of analysis focuses on the order in which derived characters appeared in organisms?
cladistic analysis
traditional classification
taxonomy
anatomy

25. In biology, an evolutionary innovation is also referred to as a
derived character.
taxonomic group.
molecular clock.
physical similarity.

26. What do scientists consider when they perform a cladistic analysis?
only the DNA of organisms
all traits of organisms
derived characters
only physical similarities

27. An analysis of derived characters is used to generate a
family tree based on external appearance.
family tree based on DNA structure.
cladogram.
traditional classification system.

28. What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms?
the relative importance of each derived character
the order in which derived characters evolved
the general fitness of the organisms analyzed
all traits of each organism analyzed

29. Similar genes are evidence of
binomial nomenclature.
mutations.
common ancestry.
different anatomy.

30. What do all organisms have in common?
They use DNA and RNA to pass on information.
They are all prokaryotes.
They are all eukaryotes.
They are genetically identical.

31. What is true about dissimilar organisms such as a cow and a yeast?
They are not related at all.
Their degree of relatedness cannot be evaluated.
Their degree of relatedness can be determined from their genes.
They can interbreed and thus are the same species.

32. Scientists have found that humans and yeasts
have similar genes for the assembly of certain proteins.
share all aspects of cellular structure.
have nothing in common.
cannot be evaluated for degree of relatedness.

33. What does the presence of similar genes in very dissimilar organisms imply?
The genes were produced by different selection pressures.
The organisms share a common ancestor.
The organisms do not share a common ancestor.
The genes became identical through mutation.

34. What is the main idea behind the model of a molecular clock?
that neutral mutations accumulate at a steady rate
that certain traits are under the pressure of natural selection
that segments of DNA can be compared with segments of RNA
that phenotypes, not genotypes, are affected by natural selection

35. multicellular organisms. photosynthetic organisms. eukaryotes.
All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are
multicellular organisms.
photosynthetic organisms.
eukaryotes.
prokaryotes.

36. Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

37. What kingdoms composed the three-kingdom classification system used by scientists in the late 1800s?
animals, plants, fungi
animals, plants, bacteria
animals, fungi, protists
animals, plants, protists

38. Which of the kingdoms in the six-kingdom system of classification was once grouped with plants?
Animalia
Carnivores
Fungi
Protista

39. Some scientists propose that the kingdom Protista should be broken up into several kingdoms. Which of these statements accurately supports this idea?
Protists are all very similar and easy to confuse.
Protista contains very diverse organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
Protists are the most numerous organisms on Earth.
Protista evolved before any other kingdom.

40. The domain that corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria is
Archaea.
Bacteria.
Eukarya.
Fungi.

41. The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is
Eubacteria.
Eukarya.
Archaea.
Bacteria.

42. The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are
Eubacteria and Archaea.
Eukarya and Bacteria.
Archaea and Bacteria.
Archaea and Eukarya.

43. The three-domain system arose when scientists grouped organisms according to how long they have been
alive in their present forms.
going extinct.
evolving independently.
using DNA to store information.

44. The three-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between two groups of
prokaryotes.
eukaryotes.
protists.
multicellular organisms.

45. Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom called
Animalia.
Fungi.
Monera.
Eukarya.

46. What is thought to be true about the three domains of living things?
They diverged from a common ancestor fairly recently.
They diverged from a common ancestor before the evolution of the main groups of eukaryotes.
They did not have a common ancestor.
Domains Bacteria and Archaea evolved after the main groups of eukaryotes.

47. An organism may have different common names that vary from area to area and language to language.
True
False

48. Scientists try to organize living things into groups that have economic significance.
True
False

49. In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.
True
False

50. In the name Ursus maritimus, the first term of the name refers to the species.
True
False

51. Linnaeus’s system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories.
True
False

52. An order is a broad taxonomic category composed of similar phyla.
True
False

53. American vultures are now classified with storks instead of with African vultures because of evidence based on body structure.
True
False

54. Biologists attempt to group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent.
True
False

55. Cladistic analysis considers characteristics that have arisen as lineages have evolved over time.
True
False

56. Scientists often look for similar genes in very dissimilar organisms.
True
False

57. Evidence shows that the same gene that codes for a particular protein in human muscle also codes for that protein in yeasts, indicating common ancestry.
True
False

58. The six kingdoms of life are Eubacteria, Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
True
False

59. The older kingdom Monera contains the same organisms as the two domains Bacteria and Archaea.
True
False

60. The kingdom Eubacteria contains the same organisms as the domain Animalia.
True
False

61. Archaea differ from Bacteria in that the cell walls of Archaea lack peptidoglycans.
True
False