1. Review from last time… Haploid? Diploid? Dikaryon? Nuclear state? Cellular state?

2. More definitions Teleomorph Anamorph Holomorph “Deuteromycetes”: a practical taxonomic strategy to deal with an alternative lifestyle Sexual (perfect) state Asexual (imperfect) state Asexual+sexual life cycle

3. Deuteromycetes – life without sex

4. What is a Deuteromycete? Formerly called Fungi Imperfecti Many common mold fungi do not have a known sexual life cycle Asexual state of a (typically) ascomycete fungus Also many zygomycetes and some basidiomycetes

5. Deuteromycetes – life without sex Advantages – speed (of reproduction, ~1 day) – flexibility (can maintain a well-adapted genome) –For experimenters and future evolution can maintain mutations in haploid nuclei (hyphae are multinucleate)

7. Deuteromycetes – life without sex Does this mean no genetic recombination? NO!... But recombination requires an inventive lifestyle...

8. Deuteromycetes – life without sex Does this mean no genetic recombination? NO!... But recombination requires an inventive lifestyle... Parasexuality mirrors the sexual cycle

9. Parasexual cycle part 1  heterokaryon formation Hyphal fusion is common Mutation is rare Heterokaryons are hyphae with two types of nuclei in any ratio

10. Heterokaryon sporulation Each nucleus can act independently in a heterokaryon

11. Karyogamy Fusion of nuclei is rare, 1 in 10 6 Creates a diploid nucleus Isolate by fast growth in minimal agar suspension Forced diploids are stable on minimal medium

12. Haploidization is common, 1 in 10 3 diploid nuclei

13. Horizontal genetic transfer Uptake of exogenous DNA Sources in nature  anastomoses between closely related eumycotan fungi Heteroplasmons and heterokaryons Exploited for cell, genetic and biotechnology research

14. Ecological relationships involving fungi

15. Ecological roles of fungi Saprobes Mycorrhizae Pathogens Parasites

16. Amphibious fungi Major role in recycling terrestrial inputs into aquatic systems Leaf fall ‘Conditioning’ plant material for animal consumption

17. Ingoldian spores are found in highly oxygenated water

18. Ingoldian spores are typical of highly oxygenated waters

19. Aeroaquatic fungi in still water Beverwykella

20. Helicoon

22. Competition between fungal individuals can produce barrage lines

23. Another fungus  insect connection

24. There’s no place like dung Major source of processed plant material Mastication, addition of lipids, vitamins, protein About 90% energy in herbivore dung is not utilized by the animal

25. Dung successions Recycle nutrients Basis of another food web  fungi to invertebrates Succession of fungal groups: zygomycete  ascomycete  basidiomycete –Nutrient assimilation? –Time to sporulation?  even spore distribution