1. "Eukaryotes that are neither Animals, Fungi, nor Plants"
Protists of the Ocean
"Eukaryotes that are neither Animals, Fungi, nor Plants"

3. Ameoba with ingested Diatoms

4. Paramecium
Lunch!

5. Plant like Protists Autotrophic oxygen producers
Euglena
Algae
Single celled
Phytoplankton
Cyanobacteria
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Multi-celled
Sea weeds

6. Euglena Has flagella Mostly lives in fresh water
Has light sensitive red eyespot
Autotrophic and heterotrophic

7. Phytoplankton: Ocean Food!
Derived from the Greek words phyto (plant) and plankton (made to wander or drift), phytoplankton are microscopic organisms that live in watery environments, both salty and fresh.
Some phytoplankton are bacteria, some are protists, and most are single-celled plants. Among the common kinds are cyanobacteria, silica-encased diatoms, dinoflagellates, green algae, and chalk-coated coccolithophores.

8. Algae: single celled Prokaryotic Cyanobacteria
Single-celled to filamentous blue-green alga or cyanobacterium
Photosynthetic
Produce much of the oxygen in the world

9. Life in a Glass House Diatoms Most abundant of single celled protists
Account for 20% of photosynthesis
Silica shells make them great fossils to study

10. Dinoflagellates The term "dinoflagellate" means "whirling flagella"
Each has two flagella
Most are photosynthetic
Some are parasitic
Can cause problems with “blooms”
Red tide
produce a neurotoxin which affects muscle function in susceptible organisms.
Humans may be affected by eating fish or shellfish containing the toxins.
paralytic shellfish poisoning, or PSP (from eating affected shellfish, such as clams, mussels, and oysters)
serious but are not usually fatal.

11. Seaweed
Seaweeds are algae that live in the sea or in brackish water. Scientists often call them "benthic marine algae", which just means "attached algae that live in the sea".
There are about 10,000 species of seaweeds
three basic colors: red, green, and brown
Red and Brown are in salt water
Green often in fresh water

12. Conjugation – Sexual Reproduction

13. Filamentous Green Alga

14. Colonial Algae

15. Multicellular Green Algae

16. Kelp Forests kelp forest web cam

17. Detrimental Aspects of Algae
Blooms of freshwater algae
Red tides and marine blooms
Toxins accumulated in food chains
Damage to cave paintings, frescoes, and other works of art
Fouling of ships and other submerged surfaces
Fouling of the shells of commercially important bivalves

18. Red tide bloom Prorocentrum micans bloom
Associated with Hurricane Floyd, which ended a dry summer
surface of water slick with this dinoflagellate

19. Algal Bloom: Before and After

20. Red tide

21. Toxic Phytoplankton & Human poisoning
Paralytic shellfish poisoning - saxitoxin
Neurotxic shellfish poisoning - brevetoxin
Ciguatera fish poisoning - ciguatoxin and maitotoxin
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning - okadaic acid
Amnesic shellfish poisoning - domoic acid
Cyanobacterial neurotoxins - anatoxins
Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins - microcystin, nodularin
Dermatitis - lyngbyatoxin, aplysiatoxin

22. Benefits of Algae
used commercially for toothpastes, soaps, ice cream, tinned meats, fabric printing etc,
Food for humans
Food for invertebrates and fishes in mariculture
Animal feed
Soil fertilizers and conditioners in agriculture
Treatment of waste water
Diatomaceous earth (= diatoms)
Chalk deposits
Drugs
The total wholesale value of dried brown algae worldwide collected in the wild or cultivated is less than $100 million dollars.

23. Brown Tide Causes: Impacts What can we do?:
Species: golden-brown algae
Aureococcus anophagefferens, A. lanunensis
Changes in groundwater, nutrients
Impacts
Zooplankton lose their appetites and die
Reduced sunlight kills plants
Death of bivalves (mussels, scallops etc)
What can we do?:
Less fertilizers!

24. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning
Causes
Diatoms (Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Paustralis)
Impacts
Toxin- domoic acid causes permanent loss of short term memory and may be fatal
Shell fish, crabs, and fish may be affected
Sea lion, pelicans, and cormorants also
What to do?

25. Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning
Causes
Phytoplankton like Dinophysis acuminata, D. fortii, and Prorocentrum lima
Impacts
Toxins: lots of them
Cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea
Affect mussels, oysters, scallops and the humans and mammals who eat them
What to do?

26. Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning
Causes
Dinoflagellates: Karenia brevis
Impacts
Toxins produced brevetoxin which affects manatees, dolphins, oysters, fish, clams, and birds and humans by consumption or breathing in the sea foam containing the toxin
Causes diarrhea, vomiting, neurologic symptoms, and asthma-like symptoms. NO known antidote but most recover in a few days
What to do?

27. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
Causes
Algae Alexandrium
Impacts
Toxin affects mussels, clams, crabs, oysters, scallops, herring, sardines, marine mammals, and birds, and humans
Symptoms include numbness, paralysis and respiratory failure. No known antidote and death may occur from respiratory arrest within 24 hours
What to do?

28. Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms
Causes
Excessive growths of cyanobacteria
Impacts
Toxins affect nerves, liver tissues in mammals, birds, fishes and invertbrates
Humans can be affected by inhaling toxins causing nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain, difficulty breathing, allergic reactions, skin irritation, liver damage, and neurologic symptoms
Increased turbidity so decreased light
What to do?

29. Pfiesteria piscicida Causes Impacts What to do? dinoflagellate
Flu like symptoms, skin rashes, memory loss in commercial fishermen and women.
What to do?