1. 7.2

2. Cell divided into:  Cytoplasm (found outside the nucleus)  Nucleus

4. Contains the DNA (hereditary info) Surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) Contains nuclear pores that allow material in and out of the nucleus

5.  DNA is wrapped around proteins called chromatin.  Condensed chromatin is called a chromosome.  A nucleolus is found inside the nucleus.  Ribosomes are manufactured here.

7. Large, saclike, membrane-enclosed structures typically found in plants. Store chemicals, absorb water to help cells expand

8. All eukaryotic cells contains these smaller, saclike, membrane-enclosed structures. Transport materials between organelles as well as to and from the cell surface.

9. Small organelles filled with enzymes. Break down macromolecules into smaller parts that the cell can use Remove damaged organelles

10.  A network of protein filaments.  Maintains the cell shape  Helps the cell to move and to move organelles within the cell. 2 types  Microfilaments  Microtubules

11. Microfilaments  Threadlike structures made up of protein  Supports & helps the cell to move Microtubules  Hollow structures made up of protein  Maintain cell shape  Make up the mitotic spindle & centrioles (organize cell division)  Make up cilia & flagella

14. Small particles of RNA & protein Found throughout the cytoplasm Site of protein synthesis!

15. Internal membrane system where lipids for the cell membrane, proteins, & other materials are made.

16. Rough ER can chemically modify proteins in vesicles & then export them to other areas.

17.  Responsible for the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs.

18. Stack of flattened membranes Modifies, sorts, & packages proteins for final destination in or out of the cell.

21. Surrounded by 2 membranes and contain chlorophyll Photosynthetic organelles in plants that capture the sun’s light energy and convert it into food for the cell.

22. Contains 2 membranes with the inner membrane highly folded “powerhouse of the cell” Releases energy from sugars by converting them into compounds the cell can use.

24.  Support, shape, and protect the cell  Allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, & other substances to pass in and out  Animal cells do not contain a cell wall.

25.  All cells are surrounded by this plasma membrane  Thin, flexible lipid bilayer  Regulates what enters and exits the cell  Takes in food and eliminates waste  Provides support and protection

27. Forms a barrier that keeps water out.

28.  Fluid-like  Proteins float around freely  Carbohydrates attach to the proteins  Many different molecules making up a “mosaic”  Selectively permeable/semipermeable – allows some substances to pass and others cannot.  Channels or pores allow materials to pass

29. 7.3

30.  Mass/volume Example- 12 g of salt 3 liters water Concentration would be 4g/l

31.  In a solution, molecules are in constant motion.  Colliding and spreading out evenly.  Diffusion - molecules moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. No energy needed!

32.  Once solute has spread out evenly  Balance

33.  Some substances allowed to diffuse across the membrane and others not allowed.

34.  Protein channels in membrane that allow material to cross it.  Still moving from low to high concentration.

35.  Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane through protein channels  Isotonic – the amount of solute is equal on both sides  Hypertonic - super concentrated  Hypotonic – less concentrated

36.  Movement of water into or out of a cell creates a pressure known as osmotic pressure.  Can cause a cell to shrivel or expand.

37.  Not typically a problem. Our cells are surrounded by fluid that is equal in concentration.  Plant cells are normally safe  cell wall  contractile vacuoles pump out the water.

38.  Cell filled with proteins, salts, and sugars.  Place the cell in a freshwater solution 1. Cell is considered hypertonic 2.Water will enter the cell 3. Cell will expand  Could eventually burst

39.  Material moving from an area of low concentration to high concentration.  Requires energy!

40.  Small molecules & ions are carried across the membrane by protein channels  Like a pump  NaK pump

41.  Endocytosis-cell pinches in, creates a vacuole around the object  Phagocytosis- “cell-eating”, extensions of cytoplasm surround large food particles  Pinocytosis – “cell-drinking”, liquid taken in

42.  Exocytosis-removal of large amounts of material from a cell, vacuole membrane joins the cell membrane

44. 7.4