1. Chapter 6 Capitalization McGraw-Hill/Irwin Business English at Work, 3/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Objectives Use capitalization rules for proper nouns, first words in sentences, specific organizations, committees, government agencies, boards, and departments. Apply capitalization rules for publications, events, holidays, acts, bills, laws, and titles. Apply capitalization rules for academic degrees, languages, education levels and courses, and ethnic and religious designations. PP 6-1a

3. Objectives continued Apply capitalization rules for time periods, seasons, days and months, specific and general locations, and directions. Apply capitalization rules for abbreviations, nouns with numbers, trademarks, brand names, and product names. Apply capitalization rules for direct and indirect quotes, words after colons, and material within parentheses. PP 6-1b

4. Objectives continued Identify appropriate items to capitalize in lists, outlines, business letters, and legal documents. PP 6-1c

5. Capitalization Rules Capitalize the first word in a sentence. Managing time reduces stress. Capitalize proper nouns. Do not capitalize common nouns. The Benbow Inn is in California. We attended a time management workshop. Capitalize the names or nicknames of specific persons. Elena Catelli Nick PP 6-2a

6. Capitalization Rules continued Always capitalize the pronoun I. Do not capitalize other pronouns unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence. I return my phone calls at 11 a.m. He kept his urgent papers in a red folder. Capitalize specific names of geographic locations. Do not capitalize general location names. Kansas City is located in both Kansas and Missouri. The village of Estes Park is in the mountains of Colorado. PP 6-2b

7. Capitalization Rules continued l Capitalize informal substitutions for proper nouns and shortened versions of proper nouns. These substitutions are often referred to as imaginative names and nicknames. the Oval OfficeAir Force One Mother Naturea Big Mac Big Brother (intrusive big government) the Beltway (Washington, D.C.) the Big Apple (New York City) City of Angels (Los Angeles) the Pacific Rim PP 6-2c

8. Capitalization Rules Italian leather french fries Greek food manila folder Australian hat arabic numbers continued l Capitalize adjectives formed from proper nouns. Do not capitalize words formed from proper nouns that are now commonly used and that are no longer identified with those nouns. Proper AdjectivesCommonly Used Adjectives PP 6-2d

9. Companies, Institutions, and Clubs Valley of the Moon CampInn at the Tides The Pet PantryUniversity of Wisconsin Capitalize the first letters of all major words in names of companies, institutions, organizations, and clubs. Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the), conjunctions (and, but, or, nor), and prepositions with fewer than four letters (of, in, on, by) unless one of these words is the first word of the name. PP 6-3a

10. Companies, Institutions, and Clubs company employees our club’s policies the mission of the college continued l Do not capitalize words such as company, club, institution, or organization when used as general expressions. PP 6-3b

11. Departments, Committees, and Divisions Capitalize the specific names of departments, committees, project teams, or divisions within the organization with which the writer is associated. The Human Resources Department offers time management seminars. The Staffing Committee meets once a week. I work for the Research Division of our company. PP 6-4a

12. Departments, Committees, and Divisions continued Do not capitalize names of departments, committees, project teams, or divisions (1) if the names are used in a general way, and you are not sure of the actual name or (2) if the names are not precise. Call someone in their accounting department about your refund. I have already contacted someone in your customer service department. PP 6-4b

13. Government Units Capitalize specific official names of foreign, national, state, and local government units. The Republic of Ireland National Park Service Capitalize the names of agencies, divisions, departments, offices, commissions, and boards. Human Services Department Cultural Heritage Board Capitalize short forms of the names of government units. the House the Congress PP 6-5

14. Capitalize a social, professional, religious, academic, political, or military title that precedes a name. Mrs. Jamie Chen Dr. Bruce Comstock Professor Desha Jackson Mayor Jessica McMurray Capitalize a title that follows the name of a high- ranking foreign, national, or state government official. Capitalize a title that is used to substitute for the complete name of a high-ranking government official. George W. Bush, President of the United States Thomas Vilsack, Governor of Iowa Titles PP 6-6a

15. l Do not capitalize the title of a company, institution, or association official that follows a name or that is used as a substitute for a complete name unless practice or tradition indicates to the contrary. continued Titles Robin Matthews, president of Evergreen Nursery Dan Johanson, secretary of United Farm Workers of America the secretary to the president PP 6-6b

16. Do not capitalize occupational titles used in a general way. Capitalize a title used as a substitute for a complete name in a direct address. Capitalize a title used in place of a name in minutes or bylaws. Titles continued The manager reviewed our priorities. When will you vote on the bill, Senator? The President called the meeting to order. PP 6-6c

17. Capitalize the title of a family member when it is used by itself or when it is used in direct address. Capitalize the title of a family member when it precedes a name. Family Titles I always wondered how Father found time to coach Little League. I will not be home for dinner tonight, Mom. I ride to work with Aunt Julia. PP 6-7

18. Capitalize the first letters of all the words with four or more letters in the title of a book, magazine, or newspaper. Place these titles in italics. Do not capitalize articles, conjunctions, or prepositions with fewer than four letters unless they are the first or last words in the title. Publications Ames Daily TribuneTravel and Leisure The Boston GlobeSports Illustrated magazine PP 6-8a

19. continued Capitalize the first letters of all the main words in titles of works such as chapters in books, magazine articles, plays, musical productions, movies, documentaries, speeches, radio and television programs, and poems. Place quotation marks around these titles. Do not capitalize articles, conjunctions, or prepositions with fewer than four letters unless they are the first or last words in the title. Publications PP 6-8b “The Death of a Salesman” (play) “The Phantom of the Opera” (musical production and movie)

20. Capitalize the names of historical and current events, holidays, and special events. Events and Holidays Vietnam War Thanksgiving Labor Day Leukemia Curathon Summit Avenue Walking Tour PP 6-9

21. Capitalize specific titles of laws, acts, codes, and amendments. Do not capitalize general names of laws, acts, codes, or amendments. Acts, Bills, and Laws Child Safety Law 102 Family and Medical Leave Act the animal control regulations several conservation bills PP 6-10

22. Capitalize a specific academic degree that follows a person’s name. Do not capitalize an academic degree used in a general way. Academic Degrees Jan Reynolds, Ph.D, teaches time management. She received her associate’s degree from Pikes Peak Community College. PP 6-11

23. Always capitalize names of specific languages. Languages Mark speaks Danish and Swedish fluently. This computer program translates English into Japanese. PP 6-12

24. Capitalize a specific education course title. Do not capitalize the general name of a course or area of study or a general level of education. Education Levels, Subjects, and Courses Office Communications 202 majoring in computer applications at the community college earning an accounting degree at the university completed classes in business English and communications PP 6-13

25. Capitalize the names of nationalities, ethnic groups, and races. Ethnic Designations Native Americans British Asian Hispanic PP 6-14

26. Capitalize the names of specific religious groups, religious days and books, names of churches, and any adjectives formed from religious terms. Religious References JudaismKoran ChristiansEaster PP 6-15

27. Capitalize days of the week and months of the year. Do not capitalize the name of a season unless it is listed with a specific year or is included in the specific name of an event. Days, Months, and Seasons MondaySeptember summer salesArt in Autumn Festival PP 6-16

28. Do not capitalize time periods, decades, or centuries used in a general way. PP 6-17 Do not capitalize a.m. or p.m. or general times of the day. Time Periods first-quarter earningsthe last century The seminar began at 9 a.m. Our luncheon will start at noon. PP 6-17

29. Capitalize compass directions when they designate specific regions of the country. Capitalize derivatives of specific regions. Do not capitalize general compass points or directions. Capitalize compass points that are part of a street name. Compass Directions the Far Eastin the South SouthernersWesterners northern Minnesotaeast side of Chicago turn west on Interstate 5travel north on Ely Road 250 South Eastman Lane 312 Swan Drive, SE PP 6-18

30. Capitalize an abbreviation representing a proper noun. Capitalize some shortened forms of common nouns. Abbreviations UPSUnited Parcel Service AFLACAmerican Family Life Assurance Company CPAcertified public accountant PCpersonal computer CEOchief executive officer PP 6-19

31. Capitalize nouns when they precede a letter or number. Do not capitalize the first letters of the words line, paragraph, page, size, and verse when they precede a number. Nouns With Letters and Numbers Volume 5Highway 126 page 3paragraph 4 PP 6-20

32. Capitalize trademarks or specific brand names. Do not capitalize the type of product. Trademarks, Brand Names, and Product Names MaytagKleenex appliances tissues PP 6-21

33. Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation that is a complete sentence. Do not capitalize the first word of a quotation that cannot stand as a complete sentence. Do not capitalize the first word of the second part of an interrupted quotation. First Words Brenda said, “We are finishing a project.” My manager said there is no “free lunch.” “Wasted time,” Elaine said, “helps you reduce tension.” PP 6-22

34. Capitalize the first word following a colon if two or more complete sentences are involved. Do not capitalize the first word of material following a colon if it is not a complete sentence. Capitalizing Words Following a Colon Consider these ideas for overcoming procrastination: Set a deadline and stick with it. Start with small portions of the project. Shelly said that time wasters are categorized into two types: internal and external. PP 6-23a

35. Continued Capitalize the first word of a sentence that follows a colon if the sentence states a formal rule (regulation) or needs emphasis. Do not capitalize the first word of a sentence that follows a colon if the sentence simply expands or completes the first part of the sentence. Capitalizing Words Following a Colon Remember: Do priority tasks first. Michelle had one major goal for the day: she wanted to complete the report. PP 6-23b

36. Capitalize the first word of a complete sentence that stands by itself in parentheses. Do not capitalize the first word of a sentence in parentheses that is within a sentence. Capitalizing Words Following a Colon continued Jessica needs more time to research the project. (She estimates that her research will take a week.) The research time (this was expected to take one week) is taking longer than anticipated. PP 6-23c

37. Capitalize the main words in all headings preceded by a roman numeral. Capitalize the first letter in each word in second- level headings. Capitalize the first word and use lowercase for remaining words in third-level headings. Outlines PP 6-24a

38. Outlines continued I. TIME MANAGEMENT SUGGESTIONS A. Set Goals B. Prioritize Tasks 1. Attach deadlines 2. Say “no” C. Prepare “To Do” List PP 6-24b

39. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word in a complimentary closing. Capitalize the first letter of a salutation or greeting and all nouns that follow. Capitalize the first letters of the main words in a salutation not directed to a specific individual. Business Letters and E-mail Messages Sincerely yoursVery truly yours Dear Manager:Dear Selection Committee: Dear Ms. Jackson: PP 6-25

40. Capitalize the first letters of major words in inside addresses. Inside Addresses in Business Letters Ms. Suzanne Briggs The Law Office of Sheila McCourt 405 Oak Street Cleveland, OH 44125 PP 6-26

41. Do not capitalize e-mail and Web site addresses unless specifically indicated. Use the letters and symbols exactly as indicated by the correspondent or advertiser. E-Mail and Web Site Addresses http://www.foreign-currency.com Jalbin@santarosa.edu PP 6-27

42. Capitalize all letters in all words used in an address on an envelope. Postal guidelines specify this format (including no punctuation marks) for large mailings to allow electronic equipment to read the addresses and speed mail delivery. Using initial capitals and lowercase letters in the inside address is also acceptable as long as the font meets the standards of the United States Postal Service. Addresses on Envelopes MR JUSTIN RAND TREASURER SAN BENITO COUNTY COURTHOUSE 125 OAK STREET HOLLISTER CA 99362 PP 6-28

43. Capitalize amounts of money written in words in legal documents. Do not capitalize the word after the hyphen in written numbers 21 through 99. Capitalize every letter in words such as RESOLVED and WHEREAS. Legal Documents Five Hundred Twenty-Five Dollars ($525) Sixteen Hundred Thirty-one Dollars ($1631) WHEREAS, we the members PP 6-29