NWTC Medical Terminology Chapter 17

NWTC Medical Terminology Chapter 17
SPRING 2004 Endocrine System Medical Terminology Chapter 17 Medical Terminology Medical Terminology

Function The endocrine system cooperates with the nervous system to regulate body activities. This is accomplished by endocrine hormones that affect various processes throughout the body, such as growth, metabolism, and secretions from other organs. Medical Terminology

Anatomy and Physiology
The endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis Homeostasis is a relative constancy in the internal environment of the body Nervous system communicates with the endocrine system through nerve impulses. Medical Terminology

Endo – inside Crine – to secrete Endocrine System composed of : Many glands scattered throughout the body Glands secrete hormones (chemicals) into the blood stream Medical Terminology

A gland is an organ that has specialized cells that secrete or excrete substances that are not related to the gland’s ordinary metabolism Endocrine Secrete hormones into the bloodstream Exocrine Have ducts that enable them to empty secretions onto an internal body surface (sweat gland) Medical Terminology

Dysfunction in hormone production Hypersecretion Excess secretion Hyposecretion Deficiency in secretion Target organ Medical Terminology

Hormones Proteins Steroids Sex hormones Those secreted by the adrenal cortex Medical Terminology

Location of endocrine glands Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) Base of the brain Adrenal gland Above the two kidneys (suprarenal) Ovaries and testes Pelvic region Medical Terminology

Location of endocrine glands (cont.) Pineal gland (shaped like a pine cone) Posterior part of the brain Thyroid Front of the neck Parathyroid Embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland Pancreas (Islet of Langerhans) ULQ abdomen Medical Terminology

Anatomy and Physiology Key Word Parts
Aden(o) Gland Adren(o), adrenal(o) Adrenal gland Gonad(o) Gonad Mamm(o), mast(o) Breast Medical Terminology

Pancreat(o) Pancreas Parathyriod(o) Parathyroid glands Pituitar(o) Pituitary gland Thyr(o), thyroid(o) Thyroid gland Medical Terminology

Andr(o) Male or masculine Calc(i) Calcium Gigant(o) Large Gluc(o) Glucose Medical Terminology

Glyc(o), glycos(o) Sugar Insulin(o) Insulin Iod(o) Iodine Ket(o) Ketone Lact(o) Milk Trop(o) To stimulate Medical Terminology

-crine Secrete -dipsia Thirst -physis Growth -tropic Stimulating -tropin That which stimulates Medical Terminology

Pituitary Supplies numerous hormones that act directly on cells or stimulates other glands that govern many vital processes. Hypophysis cerebri (under the cerebrum) Some hormones released in response to the nervous system Many endocrine glands respond to hormones secreted by the pituitary gland The Master Gland Medical Terminology

Posterior pituitary Neurohypophysis Hormones stored in axon endings and are released when a nerve impulse travels down the axon Anterior pituitary Adenohypophysis Release of hormones is controlled by regulating hormones produced by the hypothalamus Medical Terminology

Posterior pituitary hormones Kidneys Breasts Uterus Anterior pituitary hormones Many hormones, several of which act on other endocrine glands causing them to secrete hormones Medical Terminology

Hypothalamus (Neurohypophysis) Plays an important role in hormonal regulation Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin Synthesized in the hypothalamus Transported to the neurohypophysis for storage Released through nervous stimulation Medical Terminology

Antidiuretic hormone Affects the volume of urine secreted Acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water from the urine, producing concentrated urine Absence of this hormone results in passage of large amounts of dilute urine Tea, coffee, and water act as diuretics Diuretics prescribed for people with edema Medical Terminology

Oxytocin Released in large quantities just before a female gives birth Causes uterine contractions Acts on mammary glands to stimulate the release of milk Medical Terminology

Adenohypophysis Regulated by the hypothalamus which produces regulatory and inhibitory hormones which stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones Hormones travel through the bloodstream and bring about changes in other organs, often another endocrine gland Medical Terminology

Growth hormone (GH), Somatotropin (STH) Stimulates body growth Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) Promotes pigmentation and controls the amount of melanin produced Lactogenic Hormone (LTH), prolactin Causes milk production by the mammary glands Medical Terminology

Gonadotropic hormones Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Lutenizing hormone (LH) Stimulate the ovaries and testes Medical Terminology

Adrenal gland – medulla Receives direct nervous stimulation Adrenal gland – cortex Stimulated by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) brought by the circulating blood Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin Causes the glandular cells of the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones Medical Terminology

Thyroid Regulates body metabolism, normal growth and development, and the storage of calcium in bone tissue Thyroxine, T4 Triiodothyronine, T3 Synthesized by the thyroid using iodine Thyrocalcitonin (TCT), calcitonin Homeostasis of the blood calcium level Medical Terminology

Mammary glands Milk producing glands of the breast Each breast contains 15 to 20 lobes of glandular tissue that surround the nipple Lactogenesis Production of milk Lactation Secretion or ejecting of milk Medical Terminology

Tactile stimulation of the nipple Impulses from the nipple go to the hypothalamus Hypothalamus stimulates the release of oxytocin by the pituitary gland Causes contractions that eject milk from the breast Medical Terminology

Gonadotropic Stimulating the gonads FSH Stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogen and acts on the follicle Stimulates the production of sperm in the testes LH Stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone in the female ovary promotes the growth of the interstitial cells of the testes and the secretion of testosterone Medical Terminology

Reproduction becomes possible during puberty Onset is triggered by the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary Male sex hormones, androgens (mostly testosterone) Ovaries Estrogen Testes Testosterone Medical Terminology

Adrenal glands Outer cortex Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) Androgens and estrogens Inner medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine Medical Terminology

Mineralocorticoids Increases water retention by changing sodium and potassium reabsorption in the kidney tubules Glucocorticoids Increases blood glucose levels; inhibits inflammation and the immune response Androgens and estrogens Secreted in small amounts that the effect is generally masked by ovarian and testicular hormones Medical Terminology

Andr(o) Male or masculine Androgenic Producing masculine characteristics Masculine characteristics in females may become apparent after menopause Medical Terminology

Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (adrenaline) Stimulates the heart Norepinephrine Blood vessel constrict Together they prepare the body for strenuous activity Fight or flight hormones Medical Terminology

Pineal gland Exact functions have not been established Evidence that it secretes melatonin Diminishes around the age of 7 Melatonin Regulatory function in sexual development Influence the sleepiness/wakefulness cycle and mood Decrease in skin pigmentation Medical Terminology

Homeostasis Direct nervous stimulation Adrenal medulla Secretion of hormones in response to other hormones TSH from anterior pituitary causes the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones A negative feedback mechanism Interaction between pancreatic hormones and the concentration of glucose in the blood Medical Terminology

Pancreas Exocrine Secretes digestive enzymes that are carried through a duct to the duodenum Endocrine Secretes hormones into the blood Glucagon Insulin Medical Terminology

Glucagon Increase blood glucose levels Secreted in response to a low concentration of glucose in the blood Prevents hypoglycemia (less then normal amount of sugar in the blood Insulin Promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose for energy Secreted in response to a high concentration of glucose in the blood Medical Terminology

Parathyroid Secretes parathyroid hormone Increases blood calcium levels Antagonistic to calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland Medical Terminology

Stomach Gastrin Pepsin Small intestines Stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder Thymus Thymosin Heart Atria produces atriopeptin Placenta HCG, estrogen, progesterone Medical Terminology

Prostaglandins Localized, immediate, and short term effect on or near the cells where they are produced Smooth muscle contractions Involvement in blood clotting Many aspects of pain and fever Medical Terminology

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
Palpation Only thyroid and male gonads can be palpated Assessed for: Enlargement Bulging Difference in size Checked for masses Medical Terminology

Physical indications of endocrine disorders Unusually tall or short stature Coarseness of facial features Edema Hair loss Excessive facial hair in females Medical Terminology

Laboratory studies Urine tests Blood tests Growth hormone Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) Other hormones Medical Terminology

MRI Identify tumors involving the pituitary gland or hypothalamus Thyroid function TSH Thyroxine T3 Radioactive iodine uptake Thyroid scans Medical Terminology

Parathyroid PTH Calcium Phosphate ACTH Computed Tomography (CT) Tumors of adrenal gland Medical Terminology

Pancreatic function Blood tests Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C Oral glucose tolerance test Urine tests Sugar – glycosuria Ketones – ketonuria Medical Terminology

Computed Tomography (CT) To identify pancreatic tumors or cysts Breasts Self breast examination Mammography Mammogram Medical Terminology

Pathologies Adenopathy Any disease of a gland Pituitary dysfunction
Hyposecretion Hypersecretion Medical Terminology

Pathologies Diabetes insipidus
Deficiency of ADH Polyuria Polydipsia Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) Usually develops in association with other diseases Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hypopituitarism Decreased activity of the pituitary gland
Deficient in one or more pituitary hormones Insufficient growth hormone in childhood Dwarfism Deficiency in somatotropin Pituitary dwarfism Medical Terminology

Pathologies Adult atrophy of the pituitary gland State of ill health
Malnutrition Wasting (pituitary cachexia) Hyperpituitarism Increased pituitary activity Medical Terminology

Pathologies Overproduction of growth hormone during childhood
Gigantism Hypersecretion of somatotropin Pituitary gigantism Adult excessive growth hormone Acromegaly Enlargement of the extremities Medical Terminology

Pathologies Thyropathy Any disease of the thyroid gland Inflammation
Enlargement Hyposecretion Hypersecretion Medical Terminology

Pathologies Thyroiditis Inflammation of the thyroid Hyperthyroidism
Excitable, nervous Moist skin Rapid pulse Increased metabolic rate Weight loss Exophthalmos Medical Terminology

Pathologies Graves’ disease Thyrotoxicosis (Thyroid storm)
Hyperthyroidism Exophthalmos Goiter Thyrotoxicosis (Thyroid storm) Fever Fast pulse Hypertension Gastrointestinal symptoms Agitation Anxiety Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hypothyroidism Decreased activity of the thyroid gland
Childhood (Cretinism) Arrested physical and mental development Myxedema Adult hyposecretion of thyroxin and T3 Water retention Edema Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism
Below normal level of parathyroid function Hypocalcemia Hyperparathyroidism Abnormally increased activity of the parathyroid Hypercalcemia Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hypogonadism Decreased functional activity of the gonads
Adrenopathy Any disease of the adrenals Adrenomegaly Enlargement of one or both adrenals Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hyperadrenalism
Increased secretory activity of the adrenals Cushing’s syndrome – hyper secretion of the adrenal cortex Increased blood glucose levels Edema Masculinization in female individuals Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hypersecretion of androgens or estrogens before puberty
Androgenital syndrome Males Rapid onset of puberty and sex drive Females Masculine distribution of body hair develops and the clitoris enlarges and takes on the appearance of a penis Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hirsutism
Excessive growth and male distribution of body hair in the female Andropathy Any disease peculiar to the male gender Gynecomastia Excessive growth of male mammary glands Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hypoadrenalism Decreased adrenal activity Hyposecretion
No significant effect Hypersecretion Continued fight or flight mode Medical Terminology

Pathologies Addison’s disease Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex
Dehydration Low blood glucose levels Bronzing of the skin General ill health Medical Terminology

Pathologies Pancreatic cancer Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas Hypoinsulinism Deficient secretion of insulin by the pancreas Medical Terminology

Pathologies Diabetes Mellitus Hyperglycemia
Resistance to insulin Deficiency or complete lack of insulin secretion Hyperglycemia Greater than normal blood glucose level Polyphagia Polyuria Polydipsia Medical Terminology

Pathologies Diabetes Mellitus Type I Type 2 Gestational 10-501-101
Medical Terminology

Pathologies Type I Type 2 Gestational Genetically determined
Absolute insulin deficiency Type 2 Genetic and environmental contributing factors Aging, obesity Gestational Recognized during pregnancy Disappears after birth Medical Terminology

Pathologies Complications of Diabetes Diabetic neuropathy
Heart disease Diabetic nephropathy Diabetic retinopathy Peripheral vascular disease Medical Terminology

Pathologies Hyperinsulinism Excessive insulin in the blood
Hyperinsulinism results in hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia Below normal blood glucose level Medical Terminology

Pathologies Mammalgia Mastodynia Mastalgia Breast pain
Fibrocystic breast disease Single or multiple benign cysts Mastocarcinoma – Breast cancer The most common cancer among women in the U.S. Medical Terminology

Pathologies Mastitis Inflammatory condition of the breasts
Occurs frequently in lactating women Typically bacterial infection If untreated an abscess may develop Medical Terminology

Surgical & Therapeutic Interventions
Pituitary tumor Surgery Radiation Administration of deficient hormones Hyperthyroidism Radioactive materials Antithyroid drugs Medical Terminology

Adrenalectomy Excision of an adrenal gland Medical Terminology

Diabetes Treatment Administration of insulin or oral agents Subcutaneous injection Insulin pump Proper diet Exercise Medical Terminology

Hypoglycemia Administration of glucose Breast cancer Lumpectomy Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Hormone manipulation Mastectomy (surgical removal of the breast) Medical Terminology

Mastoptsosis Sagging or prolapsed breasts Mastopexy Surgery to correct pendulous breasts (breast lift) Mammoplasty Plastic surgery of the breast Augmentation mammoplasty Reduction mammoplasty Medical Terminology

Class Exercises Chapter 17 Medical Terminology

Define the Terms Aden(o) Gland Hypercalcemia Increase blood calcium
Goiter Enlarged thyroid Gonad(o) Ovaries, testes Medical Terminology

Define the Terms Trop(o) To stimulate Mast(o) Breast Lact(o) Milk
Ex(o) Outside Medical Terminology

Define the Terms End(o) Inside -crine To secrete Tetra- Four Home(o)
Sameness, constant Medical Terminology

Write the Meaning For Thry(o) Thyroid gland Tetra- Four Mast/o Breast
Pro- Before or for Medical Terminology

Write the Meaning For Mamm/o Breast Andr/o Male or masculine Exo-
Outside or outward Adren/o Adrenal gland Medical Terminology

Give Definitions for the Following
Adrenalin?o Adrenalin -tropic Stimulates -tropin That which stimulates -physis growth Medical Terminology

Iod/o Iodine Gigant/o Large Megal/o Macr/o Medical Terminology

Gonad/o Gonad Home/o Sameness Medical Terminology

Write Definitions for the following Terms
Andromegaly Enlargement of the adrenal glands Androgenic Producing masculine characteristics Homeostasis Stability in the normal body state Periadenitis Inflammation of tissues around a gland Medical Terminology

Gonadal Pertaining to the ovaries or testes Hypercalcemia Excessive calcium in the blood Hypothryoidism Decreased activity of the thyroid gland Medical Terminology

Enlargement of the adrenal glands Adrenomegaly Producing masculine characteristics Androgenic Stability in the normal body state Homeostasis Inflammation of the tissues around a gland Periadenitis Medical Terminology

Decreased activity of the thyroid gland Hypothyroidism Excessive calcium in the blood Hypercalcemia Pertaining to the ovaries and testes Gonadal Medical Terminology

Mastopexy Surgical correction of pendulous breasts Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusions of the eyeball Periadentitis Inflammation of tissues around a gland Homeostasis Stability of the internal functions of the body Medical Terminology

Pancreas The gland where insulin is produced Gonadectomy Excision of the ovaries or testes Hypogonadism Decreased functional activity of the gonads Medical Terminology

Diabetes mellitus A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by hyperglycemia and glycosuria Cachexia A condition of ill health, malnutrition and wasting Colostrum The cloudy fluid secreted by the mammary gland that serves as a reservoir for milk Medical Terminology

Duct The dilated portion of a vessel in the mammary gland that serves as a reservoir for milk Periappendicitis Inflamed condition of the appendix and its surrounding tissues Gynecomastia Excessive development of the male breasts Medical Terminology

Fibrocystic breast disease A disorder characterized by single or multiple benign tumors of the breast Glands Structures that have the ability to manufacture chemical substances that are discharged and used in some other part of the body Medical Terminology

Give Definitions for the Following Terms
Lactation Secretion of milk Mammogram Film produced in a diagnostic procedure that uses x ray to study the breast Augmentation mammoplasty Plastic surgery to increase the size of the breast Medical Terminology

Mastectomy Removal of a breast Target gland/organ The organ or structure towards which the effects of a hormone are directed Goiter An enlarged thyroid Medical Terminology

Lactogenesis Production of milk Androgenic Producing masculine characteristics Diuretic pertains to increasing urination Exocrine Gland that has ducts and empties its secretions onto an internal or external surface Medical Terminology

Hormones The chemical secretions of endocrine glands Pituitary The master gland Oxytocin A pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection Medical Terminology

Mammalgia or mastodynia Painful breast Hirsutism Abnormal hairiness Medical Terminology

Define the Following Terms
Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver Pericerebral Around the rain Peripancreatitis Inflammation around the pancreas Mastoptosis Sagging breasts Medical Terminology

Thyroid Gland secretes thyroid hormones Thyrotropin Stimulates the synthesis and secretions of thyroxine Thyroxine Iodine containing hormone secreted by thyroid gland Medical Terminology

Cachexia General ill health and malnutrition, marked by weakness and emaciation or excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition Hypopituitarism Decreased activity of the pituitary gland Hormones Come from endocrine glands secreted into the blood stream Medical Terminology

-physis Suffix means growth Pro- Prefix means before Adrenal glands Located above each kidney secretes steroids epinephrine and norepinephrine Medical Terminology

Hyperglycemia Above normal blood sugar Glycosuria Sugar in urine Polydipsia Excessive thirst Polyuria Frequent urination Hyperinsulinism Excessive insulin in the blood Medical Terminology

Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball Adrenomegaly Enlargement of the adrenal gland Mastodynia Painful breast Anti-diuretic hormone Affects the volume of urine excreted Medical Terminology

-tropin Suffix means that which stimulates Somatotropin Substance that stimulates body’s growth Andropathy Any disease peculiar to males Homeostasis Stability in the normal body parts Medical Terminology

Gonadotropin Substance that stimulates the gonads Thyrotropin Substance that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroxine Hypogonadism Decreased functional activity of the gonads with deterioration of sexual development Medical Terminology

Gonadopathy Any disease of the ovaries and testes Gonadectomy Removal or excision of ovaries or testes Periadenitis Inflammation of tissues around a gland Androgenic Producing masculine characteristics Medical Terminology

Write Medical Terms for the Following
Hemorrhage from a breast Mastorrhagia The organ or structure toward which the effects of a hormone are directed Target gland/organ An enlarged thyroid Goiter Medical Terminology

NWTC Medical Terminology Chapter 17

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NWTC Medical Terminology Chapter 17

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