1. RMO4C-2 A Low-Noise 40-GS/s Continuous-Time Bandpass ΔΣ ADC Centered at 2 GHz Theo Chalvatzis and Sorin P. Voinigescu The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Toronto, Canada

2. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 20062 Outline Motivation ADC system level architecture Circuit design Measurements Conclusion

3. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 20063 Motivation Direct sampling receiver for 2-GHz CDMA basestation Transistor f T of 150..250 GHz and low-BV CEO naturally point to 1-bit ΔΣ digitization of RF signal Continuous-Time Bandpass ΔΣ topology offers: –Higher resolution and lower power than other ADC types –Low complexity (simple layout is important at 40 GHz!) –LNA as input stage

4. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 20064 System Level Architecture 2-GHz G m -LC BPF 1-bit quantizer as DFF RZ pulse DACs Loop design in s- domain DAC(s) the TF of RZ DAC LNA & BPF1 BPF2

5. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 20065 New Loop Filter Topology MOS-HBT cascode provides: –Linearity and low-noise with no degeneration –Lower power supply (V GS <V BE ) Bias at peak-g m current density for maximum linearity L E for input 50Ω matching: L EE for common mode rejection

6. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 20066 New RZ DAC Topology DAC with RZ pulse for immunity against loop delay Higher switching speed due to MOS-HBT cascode High g m /I TAIL ratio (due to HBT)

7. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 20067 New 40-GHz Quantizer Topology MOS-HBT MSM flip-flop: –3 latches to compensate for metastability –MOS on clock path to improve speed with low supply –HBT on data path for high gain Min swing at quantizer input: 10mVpp 3 stages needed for full logic swing (300mV pp ) at DAC input

8. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 20068 40-GHz Bandwidth Clock Distribution External clock distributed to 3 latches and 2 DACs EF-MOS-HBT cascode for increased bandwidth and large capacitive load drive

9. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 20069 Fabrication and Characterization of loop filter breakout and ADC

10. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200610 ADC Die Photograph 1.52x1.58mm 2 ADC and filter breakout fabricated in STM’s 0.13μm SiGe BiCMOS: –HBT f T /f max =150/160 GHz –2μm finger width n-MOSFET f T /f max =80/90 GHz Total power dissipation 1.6W from 2.5V

11. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200611 Loop Filter – Measurements Linearity and noise measured on a filter test structure Optimum bias point for maximum linearity: 0.4mA/μm

12. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200612 ADC – S-parameters Single-ended measurements Q=17 and BW 3dB =120MHz ADC stable up to 65GHz S 22 <-7dB up to 65GHz and <-15dB up to 22GHz

13. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200613 ADC – Spectrum Measurements No idle tones present in-band Inset shows > 35dB/dec noise shaping Single-tone at 2-GHz ON Single-tone at 2-GHz OFF

14. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200614 ADC – SNDR Measurements SNDR measured with Spectrum Analyzer Resolution BW lowered until noise floor remained constant (RBW < 50 KHz) Measurements taken for bandwidths between 1 MHz and 120 MHz

15. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200615 ADC – SNDR vs BW Measurements SNDR=55dB over 60 MHz SNDR=52dB over 120 MHz

16. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200616 ADC – SFDR Two-Tone Measurements Two-tone test with 2 GHz RF inputs at 10 MHz spacing P IN = -30dBm SFDR=61dB

17. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200617 ADC – 40-Gb/s Eye Diagram Jitter Measurements 2-GHz input sinusoid Feedback turned-off JitterRMS=375fs Jitter does not affect ADC resolution

18. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200618 ADC Performance Figure of Merit (FOM) definition (lower better):

19. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200619 Conclusion First mm-wave sampling ΔΣ ADC in any technology (> 2xFs) Direct RF A/D Conversion at 2-GHz with 9-bit resolution over 60 MHz 11 bits over 60 MHz possible in this topology with: –Improved filter linearity –Higher filter Q Best FOM among all ADCs with clocks > 1 GHz 40-48 GS/s design scalable to 3.5/5/12 GHz

20. RFIC - San Francisco June 11-13, 200620 Acknowledgements Eric Gagnon and Morris Repeta for system performance specifications Nortel Networks for funding support STMicroelectronics for chip fabrication ECTI for lab access CMC for CAD tools