1. Power Presentations
CHAPTER 14

3. What reforms do you think will most benefit American society?
Impact of the Individual
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You are a writer who moves to New York in the mid-1800s. A newspaper hires you to write about reform. One day, you hear a speaker call for the end of slavery. Another day you talk to a factory worker whose pay has been cut. In the city, you see great poverty and suffering.
What reforms do you think will most benefit American society?

4. • How might you persuade Americans to change life in the city?
• Should reform come about through new laws or through individual actions?

5. 1828 Noah Webster publishes the American Dictionary of the English Language.
1829 David Walker prints Appeal, a pamphlet urging slaves to revolt.
1836 The Lowell Mill girls go on strike to demand better conditions.
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1843 Dorthea Dix asks the Massachusetts legislature to improve the care of the mentally ill.
1848 The Seneca Falls Convention demands women’s rights.
1851 Maine passes a law banning the sale of alcohol.
To World

6. 1824 The British Parliament makes trade unions illegal.
1829 Louis Braille invents a raised type that allows blind people to read.
1845 Ireland’s potato crop fails, causing famine. Thousands flee to America.
1848 A revolution in Germany fails. Some Germans move to America.
1854 Brazil’s first railway opens.
Back to U.S.
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7. Main Idea
In the mid-1800s, millions of Europeans came to the United States hoping to build a better life.
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Why It Matters Now
These Germans, Irish, and Scandinavians had a strong influence on American culture.

8. What groups of immigrants came to the United States in the mid-1800s
What groups of immigrants came to the United States in the mid-1800s? Where did they settle? How did they influence the United States?
settled in port cities
Immigration
Scandinavians
Irish
Germans
settled on farms in the northern Midwest
Influences: labor and political activity
settled in cities and farms on the frontier
Influences: kindergartens, gymnasiums, musical groups, and food

9. • What were the push-pull factors that led to immigration?
• How did the arrival of so many immigrants affect U.S. cities?
• What was the Know-Nothing Party, and what was its point of view about immigration?

10. How did the rapid increase in immigration cause conflict?
Analyzing Causes
How did the rapid increase in immigration cause conflict?
Think About
• why Irish immigrants and free blacks competed for jobs
• the growth of cities and the problems it created
the prejudices of nativists
religious differences
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11. Main Idea
Inspired by nature and democratic ideals, writers and artists produced some of America’s greatest works.
Why It Matters Now
Nineteenth-century writers such as Hawthorne and Thoreau laid the foundation for American literature.

12. Who were important writers and artists in the nineteenth-century U. S
Who were important writers and artists in the nineteenth-century U.S.? What works did they produce?
WRITER OR ARTIST
HIS OR HER WORK
Washington Irving
“Rip Van Winkle”
James Fenimore Cooper
The Last of the Mohicans
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Walden
Henry David Thoreau
Walt Whitman
Leaves of Grass
Emily Dickinson
1775 poems
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet Letter
Herman Melville
Moby Dick

13. • What was romanticism and how did Americans adapt it?
• What is civil disobedience and what did Thoreau do that is an example of it?
• How did the writers of the mid-1800s shape modern literature?

14. • the way they feature U.S. history and culture
Evaluating
Why do you think the literature and art of the mid-1800s are still valued?
Think About
• the way they feature U.S. history and culture
• their universal themes—themes that relate to all people in all time periods
the way they reflect changes happening at that time
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15. Main Idea
In the mid-1800s, several reform movements worked to improve American education and society.
Why It Matters Now
Several laws and institutions, such as public schools, date back to this period.

16. What were the problems identified by reformers of the mid-1800s
What were the problems identified by reformers of the mid-1800s? What were their solutions?
PROBLEM
REFORMER’S SOLUTION
poverty caused by drinking
laws that ban alcohol
unsafe work for little pay and long hours
strike
lack of education
public schools and new colleges
mentally ill in jail
hospitals
unorganized prisons
children in special jails and prisoner rehabilitation

17. • How did the Second Great Awakening influence the reform movement?
• How did labor unions try to force business owners to improve working conditions?
• What were women’s contributions to the reform movement?

18. • which of those changes are still in effect today
Recognizing Effects
What was the long-term impact of the reform movement that took place in the mid-1800s?
Think About
• the changes reformers made in education, temperance, prisons, and the care of the disabled
• which of those changes are still in effect today
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19. Main Idea
The spread of democracy led to calls for freedom for slaves and more rights for women.
Why It Matters Now
The abolitionists and women reformers of this time inspired 20th-century reformers.

20. What historical developments in the abolition movement occurred between 1807 and 1865?
1807 Congress outlaws importation of slaves.
1831 Garrison publishes The Liberator.
1841 The slaves of the Amistad win their freedom.
1845 Douglass publishes his autobiography.
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1849 Tubman escapes and begins working on the Underground Railroad.
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1865 The government abolishes slavery

21. • Why were freedom of speech and freedom of the press important to the abolitionist movement?
• What were Frederick Douglass’s contributions to the abolitionist movement?
• What were Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s contributions to the women’s rights movement?

22. • why they opposed slavery • the social and economic position of women
Drawing Conclusions
Why do you think that many of the people who fought for abolition also fought for women’s rights?
Think About
• why they opposed slavery
• the social and economic position of women
what the two causes had in common
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23. REVIEW QUESTIONS
ANSWERS: READ AND TAKE NOTES

24. 1 What factors influenced so many immigrants to come to America in the 1800s?
2 What did Germans contribute to U.S. culture?
3 How did the potato famine affect Irish emigration?
4 How did American artists display the love of nature in their paintings?
5 What did the Transcendentalists believe?

25. 6 Why did many business owners support the temperance movement?
7 Why was it hard for African Americans to receive an education?
8 Who published antislavery writings?
9 How did the Underground Railroad work?
10 What was the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions?

26. Back to Home HOW PEOPLE INFLUENCED AMERICA IN THE MID-1800s.
Immigrants
Germans—kindergarten, gymnasiums, some foods; Irish—city politics
Writers
Thoreau—civil disobedience; Whitman and Dickinson—modern poetry; Poe—horror and detective fiction
Reformers
revivalists—reform; temperance workers—ban on alcohol; Mann—public education; Dix—treatment of the mentally ill
Abolitionists
Walker, Garrison, Douglass, Truth, Grimkés—convinced many that slavery was wrong
Women
Stanton, Mott, Truth, Anthony—persuaded some that women deserved equal rights
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