1. AP World History POD #14 – Age of Transition Protestant Ideology

2. Class Discussion Questions McKay – “Germany and the Protestant Reformation”, pp. 466-470 McKay – “The Growth of the Protestant Reformation”, pp. 470-477

3. Who are the Protestants? Refers to German Princes who “protested” the decisions of the Catholic majority While the term Protestant initially referred to the Lutherans, it later became a term applied to all non-Catholic Christians

4. Luther v Pope: How is a person to be saved? Luther – salvation from faith alone Pope – salvation from both faith and good works

5. Luther v. Pope: Where does religious authority reside? Luther – In the word of God / In the Bible as interpreted by an individual’s conscience Pope – In both the Bible and traditional church teaching and doctrine

6. Luther v. Pope: What is the Church? Luther – The Church consists of the entire community of Christian believers Pope – The Church consists of the entire community of Christian believers

7. Luther v. Pope: What is the highest form of Christian life? Luther – All vocations whether secular or ecclesiastical have equal merit / all should serve God in their own way Pope – Stressed superiority of the monastic and religious life over the secular

8. Luther v. Pope: What are the sacraments? Luther – (1) Baptism, (2) Penance, (3) Eucharist Pope – (1) Baptism, (2) Eucharist, (3) Confirmation, (4) Penance, (5) Orders, (6) Marriage, (7) Anointment of Sick

9. Luther v. Pope: What is the Eucharist? Luther – Consubstantiation – blood and wine undergo a spiritual change whereby Christ is really present but the bread and wine are not transformed Pope – Transubstantiation – the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ

10. What was the social impact of Luther’s beliefs? Germany was prepared for the changes proposed by Luther as the city governments had expressed resentment of clerical privileges and immunities and the educated townspeople condemned the irregularity and quality of sermons The demands of the poor peasants conformed with the reforms set forth by Luther (they were sadly mistaken that Luther would support them or rebellion) Freedom for Luther meant freedom from Rome, not the opposition of legally established secular powers as advocated by the peasants The printing press made Luther’s ideas readily available Luther’s doctrines of salvation by faith and the priesthood of all believers not only raised the religious status of the commercial classes but also protected their pocketbooks Luther’s argument that all vocations have equal merit in the sight of God gave dignity to those who performed ordinary, routine, domestic tasks - women

11. What was the political impact of Luther’s beliefs? The kings and princes of Europe determined the official form of religious practice in his territory It was believed that the presence of religions different than that of the state religion was a threat to political stability There was very little acceptance of religious liberty The Habsburg-Valois Wars advanced the cause of the Protestant Reformation and promoted the political fragmentation of the German Empire

12. What were the ideas and philosophies of John Calvin? The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) 1541 – established a Christian society ruled by God through civil magistrates in Geneva – pushed for a high moral standard Advocated absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and total weakness of man Predestination – God decided at the beginning of time who would be saved and who would be doomed Calvinist Ethic / Protestant Ethic – hard work done well was pleasing to God

13. How did the ideas of Calvin impact the development of the United States? Writings and thoughts influenced the English speaking world – including the United States and Canada Calvinist Ethic / Protestant Ethic – hard work done well was pleasing to God Had a greater impact on future generations than Luther did The Reformed Church of Calvin served as the model for: Presbyterian Church of Scotland, Huguenot Church of France, and the Puritan Church of New England

14. What beliefs were established by the Anabaptists? Believed only adults could make free choice about religious faith, baptism, and entry into the Christian community Believed only a few people would receive inner light Believed in religious toleration Each Anabaptist community was independent and in charge of their own affairs Believed in pacifism – would not serve in the armed forces Admitted women to the ministry Persecution and hatred was brought on the Anabaptists by the Lutherans, Calvinists, and Catholics

15. How did the ideas of the Anabaptists impact the development of the United States? The Anabaptists evolved into the Quakers, Baptists, and Congregationalists The Anabaptist idea of religious toleration found its way into the United States Constitution

16. What was the English Reformation? A political reformation more than a religious reformation Henry VIII sought a divorce from Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boylen Henry VIII argued to Pope Julius II that his marriage was void because Catherine was the wife of his dead brother Arthur – he sought an annulment Pope Julius II resisted granting an annulment on the grounds that by overruling a previous pope’s approval of the marriage he would be giving official affirmation to the Lutheran claim that the popes substituted their own evil judgments for the law of God Please note politically – Catherine’s nephew was the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V – a person the Pope did not want to offend

17. What steps were taken to complete the break between England and Rome? Henry VIII removed the English Church from papal jurisdiction Act of Restraint of Appeals – king supreme sovereign in England Act of Submission of the Clergy – clergy submitted to the king and forbade the publication of ecclesiastical laws Supremacy Act – declared the king supreme head of the Church of England

18. How was the English Reformation resolved? Church of England was formed (Anglican / Episcopal) Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries and sold the land to raise money – the land went to the upper class linking them to the Tudor Dynasty Henry VIII went through six wives Henry VIII had three children

19. What complications arose as result of the death of Henry VIII? Catherine of Aragon – Mary – Catholic Anne Boylen – Elizabeth – Anglican Jane Seymour – Edward – Anglican (1) Edward / Anglican (2) Mary / Catholic (3) Elizabeth / Anglican Puritans wanted to remove all elements of Catholicism from the Anglican Church