1. IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES

2. Advantages in the use of immobilization technique Easy re-use of the biocatalyst Reduced requirement of the growth of cells: avoid the waste of nutrients, minimize the requirement of energy, so reduce the capital and running costs / reduce the environmental problems Easy isolation of products Increased stability Easy continuous operation

3. Methods for the immobilization Carrier binding: adsorption, ion exchanger, covalent bonding Cross-linking Encapsulation: gel entrapment, microcapsules Membrane reactor

5. Classification of immobilization materials Organic 1. Polysaccharides: agar, agarose, carrageenan, cellulose, pectate, Sephadex etc. 2. Protein: collagen 3. Synthetic polymers: phenolic resins, polyacrylamide, polysterene et. Inorganic 1. Ungrafted: alumine, ceramics, ferromagnet, glass, magnesia, silica, zirconia 2. Grafted: various coupling agents

6. Immobilized microbial cells (Fukui and Tanaka,1982) Immobilized treated cells Immobilized resting cells Immobilized growing cells Immobilized cells for electrode

12. Using carrageenan as matrix (Tosa, T. et al., 1979)

13. Gelling conditions

14. Effect of gelling agents

15. Gel shape

16. Different catalysts

17. Hardening treatment

18. Comparison with polyacrylamide

19. Two-step procedure (Wada et al., 1979)

20. Typical procedures (Chibata et al., 1986)

21. Production in large quantities (Hulst et al., 1985)

23. Beads diameter

24. Immobilized cells for continuous ethanol fermentation Adhesion Entrapment Membrane reactor Flocculating cells

25. Adhesion

26. Entrapment

28. Membrane reactors

29. Flocculating cells

30. 生物反應器實況 ( 福井三郎， 1986 )

33. Co-immobilization (Hartmeier, 1984)

35. Genetically engineered microorganisms?

36. 問題 利用固定化技術處理生物活性觸媒有那些好處？ 將微生物固定化的方法有那些？ 生物活性觸媒有那些固定化方法？每一種方法的 優缺點為何？ 選用 Ca-alginate 或 carrageenan 進行微生物固定化各 有何優缺點？ 下列名詞的內涵： Carrageenan 、 Co-immobilization 、 Gel entrapment 、 Resting cells