1. UTACCEL 2010 Adventures in Biotechnology Graham Cromar

2. Part 1: Evolution

3. Darwin’s Voyage 1831-1836 Adaptations of finches to various habitats is consistent with descent (with modification) from a common ancestor.

4. Darwin’s four tenets Inheritance Variability Limited resources Selection Evolution Evolution is not random! Evolution has no goal or pre- determined direction Note:

5. Lines of Evidence Fossil record Selective breeding Ontology Comparative anatomy Direct observation Comparative genomics Ontology describes the origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its mature formorganism fertilizedeggmature

6. Fossil Record provides many intermediate forms

7. Human Lineage

8. Selective breeding Selective breeding has produced this impressive range of characteristics in only a few hundred years. Note these animals are technically still the same species. Both are descended from wolves.

9. Comparative anatomy Vestigial structures, such as pelvic bones in the baleen whale, are evidence of evolution because they show structural change over time.

10. Phylogenetic Tree of Life

11. Hillis Plot This phylogenetic tree, created by David Hillis, Derreck Zwickil and Robin Gutell, depicts the evolutionary relationships of about 3,000 species throughout the Tree of Life. Less than 1 percent of known species are depicted.

12. Species Diversity Animals: estimated 3-30 million species | |--Invertebrates: 97% of all known species | `--+--Sponges: 10,000 species | |--Cnidarians: 8,000-9,000 species | |--Molluscs: 100,000 species | |--Platyhelminths: 13,000 species | |--Nematodes: 20,000+ species | |--Annelida: 12,000 species | `--Arthropods | `--+--Crustaceans: 40,000 species | |--Insects: 1-30 million+ species | `--Arachnids: 75,500 species | `--Vertebrates: 3% of all known species `--+--Reptiles: 7,984 species |--Amphibians: 5,400 species |--Birds: 9,000-10,000 species |--Mammals: 4,475-5,000 species `--Ray-Finned Fishes: 23,500 species We humans have an over-inflated opinion of our own importance. In fact, we are only one of millions of species. Even our close kin the vertebrates are not as successful in biological terms as the invertebrates in terms of diversity and biomass. Its still a microbial world: There are over a billion viruses in a teaspoon of sea water. There are about 100 trillion cells in the human body and over ten times that many bacteria in our guts.

13. Evolutionary Arms Race

14. Happens also on a molecular scale Our immune systems are locked in an arms race with infections and rapidly develop defences against their invaders, research suggests

15. The Prisoners’ Dilemma provides insight into the difficulty in maintaining cooperation. Often people fail to cooperate with one another even when cooperation would make them better off. This applies equally to animals whose behaviour is determined by instinct. The prisoners’ dilemma is a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrate why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial. Introduction to Game Theory *2

16. Suppose there are 2 criminals- Mike and Alex. The police have caught them on a weapons’ charge which the punishment is 1 year. The police suspect they robbed a bank, but lack of evidence, therefore, they need one or both of them to confess. They separate the criminals and offer each of them the same deal: *3

17. If you confess to the bank robbery. I’ll let you go free and your partner will get 20 years in jail. If you both confess, we won’t have to go to trial so you will each get 8 years in jail. If neither of you says anything, we’ve got you on the weapons’ charge, so you will each get 1year in jail. *4

18. Stay SilentConfess Stay Silent-1\-1-20 \ 0 Confess0 \ -20-8\-8 Payoff Matrix Alex’s Decision Mike’s Decision

19. If Alex choose to confess, Mike will confess too, for -8 > -20. If Ales choose to keep silent, Mike will confess anyways, for 0 > -1. If Mike choose to confess, Alex will confess too, for -8 > -20. If Mike choose to keep silent, Alex will confess anyways, for 0 > -1. For both criminals, their dominant strategy* is the same: They should confess, rather than risk that the other will confess if they keep silent. * The dominant strategy is the best strategy for a player to follow regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players.

20. Group Exercise Player 1 Player 2 Cooperate Defect 3/31/4 1/14/1 Purpose: Win the game by accumulating the most points over 12 rounds You may not speak to your opponent to conspire or reveal your strategy. Rules:

21. Questions 1.How does repeated play influence the outcome of prisoner’s dilemma? 2.What was your strategy? How did you determine it? 3.Did it work? Why or why not?