1. Chapter 8
Food Texture Characteristics – Fattiness, Cooking Method, Protein, and Body

2. Chapter 8 Outline Aperitif: Canoe Restaurant & Bar Textures in Food
Fattiness in Food
Cooking Method and Protein Interactions
Overall Food Body Wine and Food Texture Interactions

3. Chapter 8 Key Concepts Food texture sensations
The impact of animal or vegetable fats and oils
Light-to-light and rich-to-rich matching

4. How is Food Texture Traditionally Defined?
A standard scientific definition of texture is “the arrangement of the particles or constituent parts of a material that gives it its characteristic structure”.
The following sensations can be identified as part of food texture and tactile sense:  smoothness, stickiness, graininess, fibrousness, and consistency.

5. Food Texture Considerations
Whether light, medium, or full-bodied depends on a number of factors.
Primary elements: fat level, cooking method, and an overall feeling of body.
The above texture elements interact to impact the perception of the body, power, or weight of a particular dish.
Texture preferences are somewhat driven by cultural and personal differences.

6. Fattiness in Food
Fats can be separated into numerous categories: saturated/unsaturated, fats/oils, invisible/visible, vegetable/animal, etc.
When considering pairing, it is important to establish whether a fat is natural or an added textural element.
Natural fats are found in foods like: dairy products, meats, seeds, and nuts.

7. Fattiness in Food (2)
Added fats are found in: oils, shortenings, lard, butter, and margarine, and used for flavoring and mouth-feel.
The main objective of assessing fattiness in food from a texture perspective is determining mouth-feel characteristics such as smoothness, richness, and moistness.
Generally, a richer, fatter dish will require a richer, more full-bodied wine to compliment it.

8. What Impact does Cooking Method and Protein Type Have on Texture Sensations?
Poaching or steaming maintains a light texture.
Frying or grilling provides additional texture.
A lighter protein prepared using a more robust cooking method will create a more powerful texture to supersede the texture of proteins in the higher body levels based on protein type alone.

9. Pan-fried, Grilled, Fried
Protein
Cooking Method
Anticipated
Body Levels
Moist
Dry
White Fish
Poached, Steamed
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXXX
Very Light
Chicken
Grilled
Light
Veal
Stewed, Braised
Grilled, Pan-Seared
Light to Moderate
Game Birds
Braised
Pan-fried, Grilled, Fried
Moderate
Pork
Roasted
Moderate to Full
Beef
Stewed
Roasted, Grilled
Full
Lamb
Robust
Venison, Elk
Powerful
Grilled, Blackened
Very Powerful
Ascending Levels of Body in Proteins and Cooking Methods

10. Cooking Methods and Protein Interactions
The cooking method employed in the creation of dishes has a significant impact on the texture of the finished product.
These methods impact the fat content retained, the protein, and the collagen structure of the of the final dish.

11. Moist vs. Dry Methods
Moist heat cooking methods: are those where heat is conducted to the food item by a liquid and include: steaming, boiling, and braising.
Dry heat methods: are those where heat is conducted to the food item by: hot air (roasting, baking), hot metal (grilling, blackening), radiation (broiling), and hot fat (stir-frying, sauté, pan-frying, deep-frying).

12. Overall Body
The overall food body is based on a person’s perception of the overall power or body of the prepared dish.
The following factors are considered: protein type, fat level, cooking method used, what the item is served with, and basically the range of texture factors that provide a feeling of weight or structure throughout the mouth.
The most basic assessment of food body is based on a continuum from light to very rich.
The type of food item and temperature at which it is served impact the perception of its food body.

13. Light to Rich Pairing Implications
Take care to ensure the rich food does not overpower the light wine
Usually reliable unless the combination is too rich
Rich
Food
Take care to ensure the rich wine does not overpower the light food
Always a reliable combination
Light
Light
Rich
Wine

14. What Wine Elements Interact with Food Fattiness and Body?
Wine tannin levels,
alcohol levels,
the presence and level of oak,
and overall body all have a strong relationship with food fattiness.

15. Chapter 8 Lagniappe “Something extra”
Body and Texture Matches in Food and Wine
Results from Exercise 8.2

16. The old adage of “white wine with fish and red wine with meat”
Based on perceived texture and body rather than color.
The following findings are based on perceptions of an earlier class using Exercise 8.2 in Chapter 8.
Your perceptions may vary based on wine selections and food item preparation.

17. Textures in Wine
A variety of terms and techniques to assess the level of texture in wine.
‘Mouth-feel’ wheel. Characteristics included:
surface smoothness,
drying sensations,
dynamic elements,
weight, complexity and ripeness.
Too complex for even experienced wine judges.
The overall wine texture is derived from a number of factors including grape varietal, growing region, winemaking techniques used, and the age of the wine. All of these factors create tactile or mouth-feel characteristics in wine.

18. Primary Wine Texture Elements
Tannin level
Level of alcohol
Presence and level of oak
Overall feeling of body
Issues:
High level of correlation among these elements
Study focus - tannin and overall body
A number of interrelated texture elements are possible when considering wine tactile sensations. Primary wine texture considerations in the pairing process have been described as an evaluation of

19. Definitions – Wine Texture
Tannin level:
Defining factor on the smooth (soft) to rough (hard) continuum.
Create tactile sensations of dryness, puckeriness and astringency.
Body:
The consistency or viscosity of wine. An impression of weight, size and volume.
Influenced primarily by the presence of alcohol.
Also, the presence of sugars, glycerol and tannins in wine.

20. Textures in Food
Whether a food item is light, medium or full-bodied depends on a number of factors.
Primary considerations include:
Type of protein
Fat level in the protein or additional plate elements (natural or added)
The cooking method employed
Overall feeling of body across all of the food dish elements.

21. Type No. Producer Papillote Pork Loin Beef Mean items
Wine
Type
No.
Producer
Chicken en
Papillote
Grilled
Pork Loin
Braised
Beef
Mean
(n = 24)
across all food
items
White A
Riesling,
Dry
Bonny
Doon, NV
5.73
(2.08)
5.88 (1.81)
5.01 (1.48)
5.54
(1.77)
Red B
Pinot
Noir
Gallo of
Sonoma, 2003
5.00
(.93)
7.19 (1.73)
6.31 (2.73)
6.17
(1.93) C
Merlot
Clos du
Bois, 2001
3.63
(1.30)
7.06 (1.15)
6.25 (2.60)
5.65
(2.29) D
Cabernet
Sauvignon
J. Lohr,
2002
2.50
(.76)
6.13 (1.64)
6.00 (2.27)
4.88
(2.35)
Across Wines
4.21
(1.81)
6.56 (1.63)
5.89 (2.18)
5.56
(2.11)
Table 1: Mean Level of Match and Standard Deviations
All values are based on a 10-point scale (0= no match, 10= synergistic match).
Standard deviations are shown in parentheses

22. Table 1 Explained
Provides the mean level of match determined by a group of 8 students.
The standard deviation is in parentheses under each mean value and provides on indication of agreement on match (a low s.d. indicates strong agreement).
Each row is a type of wine (Riesling, Pinot, Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon). The bottom row is the mean for all wines.
Each food item column (chicken, pork and beef) provides the average level of match with each wine.

23. What do the mean levels of match indicate?
Riesling provided a neutral match for across all three proteins. But, with much disagreement among students (standard deviation [s.d.] is relatively high).
The Pinot provided a neutral match with the chicken and a good match with the pork and beef. But, with substantial disagreement for the beef dish in particular.

24. What do the mean levels of match indicate (2) ?
The Merlot had a good match with the pork and beef. The match with the chicken dropped to a refreshment level. There was substantial disagreement in match level with the beef dish.
The Cabernet Sauvignon had a neutral to good match with the pork and beef dishes. The match with the chicken dish was the lowest of all wines.

25. What does this indicate overall?
The pork dish was perceived as the most wine-friendly at this tasting.
The Pinot Noir was perceived as the most versatile to serve with this selection of food dishes.
The braised beef dish lacked consensus on level of match. This may be due to the “bridging” technique of cooking with wine.

26. FIGURE 1: Mean Deviation-From-Body Match for Food Items with 4 Wines
Food Dominates 3
Chicken
Grilled Pork
Braised Beef 2 1 A B C D B C D D A A B C -1 -2 -3
Wine Dominates -4
A = Riesling C = Merlot
B = Pinot Noir D = Cabernet Sauvignon

27. Figure 1 Explained
Figure 1 was created based on resulting of a mixed tasting using figure 8.6 from Chapter 8.
If the food body dominated, the bar is above the line (a positive value).
If the wine body dominated, the bar is below the line (a negative value).

28. Deviation from Body-to-Body Match: Chicken
The Riesling and Chicken en Papillote had the closest body match and was perceived as nearly equal.
Pinto Noir was perceived as the next closest.
The Merlot and Cabernet clearly dominated this relationship.

29. Deviation from Body-to-Body Match: Pork
Pinot Noir had the closest match with the grilled pork followed closely by the Merlot.
The Riesling and Cabernet were clearer not a close body match with the grilled pork.

30. Deviation from Body-to-Body Match: Braised Beef
The Merlot had the closest body match with this dish.
The Cabernet Sauvignon slightly dominated the relationship.
The beef slightly dominated the Pinto Noir and completely overpowered the chicken dish.

31. So What!
Table 1 and Figure 1 point out the strong relationship between evaluators perception of match and deviations from body-to-body match in wine and food.
Supports the notion of pleasant sensations through a matching perspective.

32. Additional Reading
Harrington, R.J. & Hammond, R. (2007) Body Deviation-from-match: The Yin and Yang of Wine and Food Pairing? Journal of Culinary Science & Technology.
King, M.C., Cliff, M.A. & Hall, J. (2003). Effectiveness of the ‘mouth-feel’ wheel’ for the evaluation of astringent subqualities in British Columbia red wines. Journal of Wine Research, 14(2-3),