1. Global civil society – a Western INGO phenomenon or a force instigating new direction to globalisation? Part I: An Agency-centred Account of Globalisation

2. What is globalisation?

3. Four aspects/definitions (Scholte, 2000) Globalisation as westernisation or modernisation: the social structures of modernity (capitalism, rationalism, bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the world over, normally destroying pre-existent cultures and local self- determination Globalisation as liberalisation: Removing government-imposed restrictions in order to create an open, borderless world economy Globalisation as universalisation: Spreading various objects and experiences to people at all corners of the earth. Internet, Sushi, Baywatch, human rights Globalisation as deterritorialisation: reconfiguration of geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distances and territorial borders

4. Globalisation of what? Economy Technology Politics Culture Law People …

5. Early debates on globalisation: Globalisation isn’t happening: We’ve seen all this before, not so revolutionary, states still in charge (Hirst and Thompson, 1996) Globalisation is good for you: Global trade benefits all, global norms defeat local bullies, global contacts breed nice people (The Economist) Globalisation is bad for you: Globalisation increases inequalities, destroys local cultures, destroys the environment, undermines democratic accountability (Hines, 2000)

6. What kind of globalisation are we talking about? What kind do we want?

7. Globalisation of: SupportersRejectersReformersRegressives EconomyYes: As part of economic liberalism No: Greater protection of national economies Mixed: If leading to greater social equality Mixed: If beneficial to own country or group. TechnologyYes: Open competition for techno- logical innovation No: Threatens local com- munities Mixed: If beneficial to the marginalised Mixed. Yes for economic & security, No for environment or social purposes LawYes: Commercial law and human rights No: Undermines national sovereignty Yes: Building global rule of law No: National laws on property rights, terrorism PeopleYes: Open border policy No: Undermines national cohesion Yes: Open border policy Mixed. Yes: ‘useful’ immigrants, No: asylum seekers and people of other cultures

8. Why did it happen? Standard explanations: New technology enabled global communications, global financial flows, cheap transport Iron curtain came down, allowed global cooperation and global trade IMF and World Bank conditionalities together with transnational corporations crack Third World states

9. S M CS F S F M Civil Society, The State and the Market: ca. 1890s-1970s International treaties or war State 1 State 2

10. Deeper causes of globalisation: 1960-70s peak of nation state – two reactions: - New Social Movements, from 1968, incl. Peace, Human Rights, Women, Environment - Neo-liberalism, 1980s, Chicago School advocates retreat of state. Thatcherism, Reaganism, IMF/World Bank

11. S M CS F/I S CS M Global governance Global civil society Migration/ New Identities Global economy State 1 State 2 Civil Society, The State and the Market: 1990s-

12. Nelson Mandela Rigoberta Menchu Aun San Suu Kyi Vaclav Havel

13. Transnational advocacy networks: Promote causes, principled ideas and norms that cannot be reduced to self-interest May include NGOs, local social movements, foundations, media, churches, trade unions, consumer organisations, intellectuals, parts of IGOs, civil servants, politicians Work through information politics, symbolic politics, leverage politics, accountability politics (Keck and Sikkink, 1998)

14. The boomerang pattern (Keck and Sikkink) State A State B IGO XXXXXXXXXXX Blockage NGO Information Pressure

15. Global civil society? “Even though the implications of our findings are much broader than most political scientists would admit, the findings themselves do not yet support the strong claims about an emerging global civil society” Keck and Sikkink, 1998, 33.

16. A descriptive definition: “Global civil society is the sphere of ideas, institutions, organisations, networks and individuals located between the family, the state and the market, and operating beyond the confines of national societies, polities and economies.” Anheier, Glasius and Kaldor (2001, 17.)

17. What does that mean? It is not just civil society organisations, individuals, networks working at the global level But rather, the whole of organisations,individuals, networks with transnational elements in their line of work, partners and networks, or ideology But they are not a homogeneous bunch!

18. The normative connotations of civil society: Trust, social capital Active citizens in public affairs Non-violent and resisting violence Fostering public debate Counter-hegemonic: challenging the powerful; championing the marginalised

19. Global civil society has yet more normative connotations: Being part of a global imagined community, a sense of connection Belief in human rights, global social justice rather than just civil rights, justice for own citizens Belief in global and shared responsibility for the environment, ‘One World’ solutions, ‘global governance’ Challenging the winners, championing the losers, of globalisation

20. NGOs Global civil society Civil Society NGOs Descriptive concept Normative concept NGOs and global civil society: Or even (!): GCS NGOs

21. First international conference of the Anti-Slavery Society, 1840

22. Part II: The Political Economy of INGOs

24. Students for West Papua, Dublin

25. Before Globalisation: S M controls CS S M controls CS Country 1Country 2

26. S S Market Civil society Retreat of the State. A combination of globalisation, privatisation, NGO-isation.: Country 1 Country 2 Control?

27. Some Figures: Number of INGOs 1981 1991 2001 9,789 17,826 24,797 Anheier and Themudo, 2002, 195. Revenues of Relief and Development INGOs $ bln 198019881999 Public 1.62.41.7 Private3.64.510.7 Total5.26.912.4 Clark, 2003, 130. NGOs with UN consultative status 1945196519852005 03617602,595 Glasius, Kaldor and Anheier, 2005, Record 17, 421.

28. Globalisation has changed the organisational environment for NGOs. New Opportunities: Retreat of states and decline of party politics Expanded private and institutional donations Major reductions in communication costs More democracy, freedom of expression and freedom of assembly Lindenberg and Bryant, 2001, 9; Anheier and Themudo, 2002, 198.

29. New problems: External: More complex and diverse cultural, political and economic environment Relations with diverse constituencies and stake-holders Managing different legal and fiscal systems Complex international funding environment Internal: Transnational governance structure must be clear on responsibilities, line management and enforcement Need to develop a common mission and language within the organisation Structure that remains accountable to dispersed membership and reflects diversity

30. Different Solutions Member consultation: One vote per member (Amnesty) One vote per country (FOEI) Headquarters: Move to South (Civicus, ActionAid) Split HQ (World Rainforest Movement) Ring structure (Panos) Boards More Southern and female (ActionAid) Regional sub-boards (HRW) Forms of organisation Unitary organisation (HRW) Partnerships (Christian Aid) Federations (IFRC) Confederations (Oxfam Int) Networks (YES!)

31. 1990s move from service-delivery to advocacy: Macro-explanations: Political party activism declines, decision-making power seeps away from national level development encounters international politics Micro-explanations: NGO staff increasingly frustrated by lack of macro- impact of their work on development Northern NGOs need new role: capacity-building and advocacy

32. ‘advocate: an intercessor or defender: one who pleads the cause of another’ ‘advocacy: the function of an advocate; a pleading for’ Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary ‘advocates plead the cause of others or defend a cause or proposition’ Keck and Sikkink, 1998, 8.

33. What can be the basis for NGO advocacy? - representation - moral conviction (values) - experience/expertise

34. Representation: speaking for Problems: constituency procedure time money

35. Some solutions: - transparency about procedures or lack thereof - networks -accompaniment Deeper problem: What does it mean to ‘represent’? To speak ‘on behalf of?