1. #bellwork 9/4 Get out 2 sheets of paper for notes.
In your bellwork section work on the question below:
Imagine that the United States government came to your home and forced you to move to another state, with only a few possessions, and start all over again.  How would you feel, and what are the things that you would miss the most?  This is what happened to thousands of Native Americans during the Jacksonian era.
Bellwork should be done in correct format!! Don’t know? Ask a friend!

2. The Trail of Tears Also known as the “Trail Where They Cried”

3. Trail of Tears

4. America before 1830 Map of the Five Civilized Tribes
These Five Civilized Tribes occupied the areas of the United States that were becoming overcrowded. These tribes were forced off their land by the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

5. Cherokee culture…
Before contact, Cherokee culture had developed and thrived for almost 1,000 years in the southeastern United States--the lower Appalachian states of Georgia, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and parts of Kentucky and Alabama.

6. America before 1830
The Cherokee people, one of the five civilized tribes, called the land we call Georgia home for hundreds of years. But many white settlers wanted that land for themselves, especially because it was rumored that there was gold found on their land. The Native Americans argued that their culture would be destroyed if they left their land. They also argued that they were adapting to American society.

7. Sequoyah
Sequoyah was an example of how Cherokee’s were adapting to America. He was a Cherokee warrior who developed the Cherokee alphabet and started the first Cherokee newspaper, the Cherokee Phoenix. He ended up leaving his homeland and traveling to Oklahoma with his people.

8. Andrew Jackson ignored the Cherokee’s request to stay on their land with the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
Andrew Jackson was the President of the United States. He signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 and pushed the Cherokees off their land into Oklahoma, or Indian Territory. The road these Native Americans traveled along was called the Trail of Tears.

9. Indian Removal Act
In 1830 the Congress of the United States passed the "Indian Removal Act." Although many Americans were against the act, most notably Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett, it passed anyway.

11. Court ruling…
In 1832, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee on the issue in Worcester v. Georgia. In this case Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign, making the removal laws invalid. The Cherokee would have to agree to removal in a treaty. The treaty then would have to be ratified by the Senate.
Andrew Jackson states, “John Marshall has made his decision. Let him enforce it now if he can.”

13. Removing the Cherokees…
The Treaty of New Echota, signed by Ridge and members of the Treaty Party in 1835, gave Jackson the legal document he needed to remove the First Americans.

15. Marching to Oklahoma….
In one of the saddest episodes of our brief history, men, women, and children were taken from their land, herded into makeshift forts with minimal facilities and food, then forced to march a thousand miles.

16. The Trail Where They Cried
The route they traversed and the journey itself became known as "The Trail of Tears" or, as a direct translation from Cherokee, "The Trail Where They Cried" ("Nunna daul Tsuny").

17. Map of the Trail of Tears

18. Map

19. The Trail of Tears killed ¼ of the Cherokee people
The Trail of Tears killed ¼ of the Cherokee people. This means 4,000 Cherokees died.
How does this picture make you feel?
What do you think this painting represents?

20. The Cherokees traveling across the Trail of Tears
Are these people happy or sad about traveling to Oklahoma?

21. Who is John Ross?
John Ross was principal chief of the Eastern Cherokees and later the combined Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory. He served from 1828 until his death in Ross was 1/8 Cherokee by blood. He was forced to lead his people across the Trail of Tears into Oklahoma.

22. Who is Major Ridge?
Major Ridge, or Kah-nung-da-tla-geh, "the man who walks the mountain top", was know as "The Ridge" and later Major Ridge, for his participation in the Creek War He was the leader of the Ridge or Treaty Party. His brother, Oo-wa-tie, "the ancient one", was the father of Stand Watie. He served as head of the Lighthorse Guard (i.e., Cherokee police), member of the National Committee, and speaker of the National Council. He was assassinated in 1839 for signing the Treaty of New Echota for removal of the Cherokees to the West.

23. Legend of the Cherokee Rose
No better symbol exists of the pain and suffering of the Trail Where They Cried than the Cherokee Rose. The mothers of the Cherokee grieved so much that the chiefs prayed for a sign to lift the mother's spirits and give them strength to care for their children. From that day forward, a beautiful new flower, a rose, grew wherever a mother's tear fell to the ground. The rose is white, for the mother's tears. It has a gold center, for the gold taken from the Cherokee lands, and seven leaves on each stem that represent the seven Cherokee clans that made the journey. To this day, the Cherokee Rose prospers along the route of the "Trail of Tears". The Cherokee Rose is now the official flower of the State of Georgia.

24. Conclusion
Many Native Americans died as a result of the white American’s greed. Andrew Jackson forced these people off their land into Indian Territory with the Indian Removal Act of ¼ of the Native Americans that traveled across the Trail of Tears, the road on which they traveled, died.

25. Review
What was the name of the Act that removed the Indians from their land?
What President signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
What state was called Indian Territory?
What was the road the Cherokees traveled on called?

26. Cause
Effect
Cause
Effect
Cause
Effect

27. For Removal
Against Removal
Character:
Short Bio:

28. Bellwork Open up notes section and title a page “Chapter 5 lecture”
Wait for further instructions

31. Oklahoma: Land of Contrasts
Chapter 5: Oklahoma in Early America
©2006 Clairmont Press

32. Section 1: Colonial America
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How did the ambitions of European countries affect North America in the 17th and 18th centuries?

33. Why they came? Focus: Colonial America
European countries sought to gain military, economic, and religious control of North America
Focus:
Spain :wealth and spreading Catholicism
France: fur trade and Indian allies
Britain: land and profitable trade routes

34. SPAIN
claimed Florida, settled St. Augustine in 1565, Texas & California
Harsh to the Indians
Supported Apache in the Battle of Twin Villages

35. FRANCE
trading posts in Canada, Great Lakes, western Mississippi River basin south to lands that would become Oklahoma.
Less harsh than Spanish, more willing to trade.
Aligned with the Choctaw nation.
Supported the Wichita in the Battle of Twin Villages

36. BRITAIN
Jamestown (Virginia) 1607, colonies on Atlantic coast, extreme northern Canada.
Allied with the Chickasaw and enemies of the French and Choctaw.

37. Battle of Twin Villages
1759
Wichita and French vs. Apache and Spanish
Near Red River in Oklahoma
Canons vs. Bow and Arrows and knowledge of land.
Spanish loose and leave dishonored.

38. The French and Indian War:
series of wars between Britain, France, and Spain; in North America it was called the “French and Indian War”
Iroquois Confederacy and British troops fought against the French and their Indian allies for six years
1762: Spain entered war in North American on the side of France in exchange for the Louisiana territory (including Oklahoma) and the “Isle of Orleans” – Treaty of Fontainebleau

39. The French and Indian War
1760: fighting ended; Treaty of Paris signed in 1763
France lost Canada and lands in Mississippi Valley to Britain
Spain traded Florida to Britain for Cuba
No provisions were made for the Indians living on these lands
British settlers desired more land in areas occupied by Indians
1763: treaty signed regarding encroachment onto Indian lands (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Creeks, Choctaws, Cherokees, and Chickasaws
Lines were established beyond which the British promised not to settle or disturb

40. The Colonists Revolt
Stamp Act (1765) enacted by British Parliament to help pay debts from the war (taxed printed goods and legal documents)
Colonists did not elect members of Parliament so they felt they were being taxed without a chance to vote, violating English law and tradition
“No taxation without representation” was a common slogan
Revolutionary War began April 19, 1775 with battles at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts

41. The Colonists Revolt Declaration of Independence signed July 4, 1776
France pledged support for the United States in 1778
Spain entered the war against Britain and regained Florida
War ended in 1781; Treaty of Paris signed in 1783
1787: United States Constitution was written to set up improve government functions
Cherokee and Creek Indians joined the British in the war and suffered great loss
Treaty of Hopewell (1785) confirmed Cherokee boundaries, but white settlers continued to push west

42. New Political Power
Americans wanted access to more lands and travel on the Mississippi River
This caused conflict with Spain
Pinckney’s Treaty (1795): Americans gained navigation rights on the Mississippi; right to store goods in New Orleans; and, set southern boundary of the United States
Trails were found to connect trading posts
Pedro Vial and Francisco Fragoso made a trail from Santa Fe to the Wichita Mountains in OK, then followed the Red River to Natchitoches, LA – called the Great Spanish Road
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43. Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase
ESSENTIAL QUESTION:
How did the Louisiana Purchase influence the development of Oklahoma?

44. The Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon Bonaparte: took control of France in 1799 – wanted to regain lands in North America and control Europe
Treaty of San Idlefonso (1800), Spain gave Louisiana back to France
To keep trade secure, President Thomas Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans for $2 million in 1801
1802: French troops on route to North America – most died in a epidemic of yellow fever
1803: Napoleon offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million
Oklahoma became part of the District of Louisiana, a part of Indiana Territory
Oklahoma area became part of Territory of Arkansas in 1819

45. Exploring the Louisiana Purchase
1803: President Jefferson asked Congress to fund expedition to explore the new lands to the Pacific Ocean
Meriwether Lewis was commander along with William Clark
The Corps of Discovery began in 1804 with the team venturing up the Missouri River
The group returned in 1806; traveled 4,000 miles to the Pacific Ocean and back
Lewis became governor of Louisiana; Clark served as Indian agent for the West and later governor of Missouri Territory

46. The Sparks Expedition
“Grand Excursion” to explore southernwestern part of Louisiana Purchase (1806)
Scientists William Dunbar and George Hunter, headed the team, but chose not to complete the expedition
Capt. Richard Sparks, Thomas Freeman, and Peter Custis led journey up the Red River
The expedition was stopped by a Spanish army near the edge of Oklahoma
Sparks decided to turn back, but they did gather much information

47. The Pike-Wilkinson Expedition
Zebulon Pike explored upper Mississippi region in 1805 and followed with another in 1806 along the Arkansas and Red rivers
Lt. James Wilkinson led a part of Pike’s group to explore the Arkansas River
Wilkinson’s team survived winter hardships to share information about the Osage, Cherokee, Choctaw, and Creek in Oklahoma
Pike continued west to the Rocky Mountains (Pike’s Peak) – arrested by Spanish soldiers and held until 1807

48. The Sibley Expedition
Salt was important commodity – used for preserving food and tanning hides
George C. Sibley sent to search for rumored “salt mountain” (1811)
Explored Nebraska, Kansas, and into northwest Oklahoma
Described the “Grand Saline”, 20 miles of salt, 2-6 inches deep
Also found salt near Cimarron River and along the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River

49. The Long Expedition
Stephen H. Long – five expeditions covering 26,000 miles; two trips into Oklahoma
Established Fort Smith (1817) where Arkansas and Poteau rivers meet
Expeditions along Red and Arkansas rivers into Nebraska and along the Platte River
Returned with much information about plant and animal life and geography of the region
Called the area “Great American Desert” and determined it unsuitable for farming – would be a good buffer between the U.S. and Spanish Mexico

50. The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819
John Quincy Adams (U.S.) and Luis de Onís (Spain) worked out treaty
Spain sold Florida to U.S. for $5 million
Boundary set between Texas and Louisiana at Sabine River
Spain claimed all land south of the Red River and long various lines to the Pacific Ocean
Spain gave up claims on Oregon territory
Major William Bradford ordered to expel people illegally entering eastern Oklahoma
Botanist Thomas Nuttall joined this group to document plants and animals of the region

51. The Three Forks Area
Trading post established at meeting of the Arkansas, Verdigris, and Grand rivers
Nearby Osage village traded fur, fowl, honey, bear oil, buffalo robes for beads, blankets, knives, trinkets, cloth
Game became scarce, and fur trade slowed, in eastern Oklahoma by 1830s
Salt, lead, pecans, and grain were exported from Three Forks
Western Creek exported dried peaches, beans, peanuts, snake root, sarsaparilla, ginseng, corn and rice

52. Opening Trade Routes Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821
Thomas James, Hugh Glenn, and Nathaniel Pryor led groups from St. Louis toward Santa Fe to establish trade connections
William Becknell established a trade route that become known as the Santa Fe trail
Hundreds of people and wagons began to move westward
These changes caused rapid changes in the lives of American Indians in the region

53. Bellwork Grab a Worksheet and 3 sheets of printer paper.
Sit in the desk with your number.