1. Dr Anjana Thadhani Consultant Developmental Pediatrician

2. Specific Learning Disabilities Group of developmental disorders Significant unexpected, specific and persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of reading (dyslexia), writing (dysgraphia) or mathematical (dyscalculia) abilities, despite conventional instruction, normal intelligence, proper motivation and adequate socio-cultural opportunity

3. Salient Features Types: Dyslexia Dysgraphia Dyscalculia Creates a significant gap between the potential and academic performance Prevalence - 10% of school going children Difficulty with information processing

4. LEARNING INPUTPROCESSINGOUTPUT

5. INFORMATION PROCESSING RECORDING INFORMATION (INPUT) Perceptual → Visual → Auditory INTEGRATION Sequencing Abstraction Organization STORAGE (MEMORY) Short – term Long – term

6. READING Phonological awareness Letter-sound association Decoding & Blending Focus on printed words Control of eye movements across the page Processing of images and ideas Comparisons and associations of ideas Storing of the information into memory

7. CAUSES Neuro-developmental condition Multi-factorial Genetic predisposition ADHD - Strong association CO-MORBIDITY

8. GENETICS In 1950, Hallgren, an autosomal dominant disorder Recent findings:  Dyslexia is a genetically heterogeneous and complex trait that does not show classical mendelian inheritance  Several chromosomal regions & genes affecting reading disability (chromosome 1, 2, 3, 6, 15, 18)

9. NEUROIMAGING Absence of usual asymmetry of planum temporale (portion of temporal lobe lying posterior to Heschl’s gyrus) Left is usually larger than right Neuronal ectopias in frontal and parietal regions

11. MANIFESTATIONS Varied spectrum presentation Mild to severe Academic Behavioral Co-morbidity Psychosocial

12. REFERRAL LETTER Repeated failures Does not write or read Spelling mistakes Oral work better than written work Problems in math

13. EARLY POINTERS

14. Developmental delays Mild gross motor delays Fine motor problems Speech delay or difficulties Lack of dominant handedness Perceptual problems

15. AUDITORY PERCEPTION Auditory perception Auditory discrimination Auditory memory & sequencing Auditory filtering Auditory processing

16. VISUAL PERCEPTION Visual perception Visual discrimination Visual memory & sequencing Form constancy Visuomotor integration Figure ground discrimination

17. THE RED HOUSE

18. RED HOUSE & TREE

19. RED HOUSE, TREE & SUN

20. Learning Concerns Difficulty in pronouncing words. Poor phonological awareness Difficulty or slowness to add words. Inability to rhyme by age 4 years. Confusion in directionality, words and space concepts, left versus right, over versus under, before versus after.

21. May have trouble learning the alphabets, numbers, day of the week, colors, shapes. May have difficulty telling or retelling a story in the correct sequence. Abnormal grip or refusal to write.

22. Behavioral concerns Hyperactivity Difficulty in following instructions Slow in ADLs Stubborness Temper tantrums

24. Dyslexia Avoids reading aloud Reads slowly Uses finger tracing Looses place or skips words Mispronounces or guesses words Has difficulty decoding or blending single words

25. Relies heavily on memorizing without understanding. Poor comprehension Gives stress on wrong syllables Reads with substitution While reading makes up his own stories Poor memory & recall

26. Dysgraphia Slow in writing or may avoid writing. Often uses an awkward pencil grip ( fist, thumb hooked over finger, etc.) Writes with illegible handwriting Poor letter formations Untidy written work Uses inappropriate pressure Uneven size of letters with poor spacing

27. Spelling mistakes Bizarre spelling Spells the same word differently Punctuation & capitalization errors. Mixes upper & lowercase letters Problems with copy writing

30. Typical errors Letters reversals -d for b as in dog for bog. Word reversals – tip for pit. Inversions – m and w, u and n. Transpositions – felt and left. Substitutions – house and home. Omissions Additions.

31. Spelling errors Amount – aomunt Awards – awords Consent – conset Recent – resent Domestic – domistic Brain – brian Method - matheod

32. Dyscalculia May transpose number sequences, 231 as 312 Confuse arithmetic signs. (+ - * / = ) Has trouble with word problems Poor in mental maths Difficulty in learning tables Counting on fingers may be seen

33. Difficulty in carrying over or borrowing sums May count from left to right Poor in geometry Poor in algebra

34. Other concerns Appears very clumsy and untidy. Has difficulty making friends. May not understand body language and facial expression of others. Has trouble with non-literal language (idioms, jokes, proverbs, slang)

35. Difficulty following step by step instructions Difficulty in telling time Difficulty in telling/ following directions Slow in ADLs Poor understanding of abstract Disorganized behavior and thoughts

36. Associated behavioral issues.. Hyperactivity Day dreaming Poor peer relations Aggressive behavior Poor participation

37. Pyschosocial concerns Poor self esteem Poor self confidence Poor interpersonal relations Emotional lability

38. Strengths Sensitive & compassionate Good at mechanical work Good at sports Usually good dancers Good at cooking & eating too…

39. Key Messages Hidden Handicap Neurological Disorder Present since Birth Multi-factorial Essentially Normal child Average / above average Intelligence

40. To Summarize… “Every learning problem is not a Learning Disability” With early intervention & provisions, they can be mainstreamed Secondary behavioral problems need effective management.