1. Trade that connects the World
Indian Ocean Network

2. INDIAN OCEAN MONSOONS JANUARY MONSOON (DRY) WINDS
JULY MONSOON (WET) WINDS

3. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE 1. Merchants from Muslim, Indian, Chinese worlds
2. Two types of commodities: luxury, staple
3. Government protected trade through entrepôts
4. Commonly observed rules, stability
5. Merchants frequently spread faith, culture

4. INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK
SILVER
LACQUER
SILK
PORCELAIN
SUGAR
LUXERIES
TEA
CLOTH
YARN
SILKS
INDIGO
PEPPER
GEMS
ANIMALS
DRUGS
COFFEE
SLAVES
IVORY
HORSES
SILKS
GOLD
STEEL
SPICES
TIMBER
RICE
MEDICINES

5. MING DYNASTY
Ming Dynasty overthrew Yuan (Mongols); sought sought to re-establish past Chinese prominence and power in trade, technology. Ming revived old Chinese knowledge,
rebuild Chinese arts, skills, and
traditions in silk and porcelain,
strengthen Neo-Confucianism
Best known example was to
write complete encyclopedia
of all knowledge(11,000 volumes).

6. China
China had been sailing the Indian Ocean and China sea since 1st century BCE
Chinese had armed junks with multiple masts and sails since the 2nd century CE

7. China
Chinese junks had watertight compartments in the ship’s hull by the 2nd century CE
China had axial rudder since 1st century CE

8. China China invented the magnetic compass in the 12th century CE
Chinese were more advanced with astronomy and celestial navigation

9. CHINESE MOTIVATIONS Yong le emperor usurped throne from second
emperor, who “fled abroad.” Emperor sent chief
eunuch and fleet to find him and to reestablish
ancient tribute system.
Tribute system was
proof of Chinese
superiority.

10. ZHENG - HE Muslim palace eunuch of the Yong-le emperor. His position
and knowledge of foreigners
and “Western” lands made him
ideal to lead Emperor’s fleets.
In Nanking, oversaw building of
the fleet, recruitment of sailors,
soldiers, and guides. Much
resentment to his expeditions
even amongst official circles.

11. MING NAVAL VOYAGES Seven voyages called treasure fleets.
Ships visited Vietnam, Thailand,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh,
India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Iran, Arabian
peninsula including Yemen and Red Sea ports,
Somalia, and Kenya.
Typical fleet had around
100 ships, largest weighing
3,000 tons, carrying up to
90,000 troops, sailors.

12. Voyages of Zheng He (1405-33 CE)
In contrast, Columbus’ fleet only had three ships, the largest only 115 ft. long and carried 40 men.

13. STAR RAFTS, DRAGON FLEETS
Chinese fleet had hundreds of ships
130 meter long, 9-masted, 3,000+ tons
Crews of thousands, tons of cargoes
Watertight bulkheads, retractable rudders

14. CHINESE TACTICS Chinese methods could be called the
“carrot and the stick” - Chinese sought
trade and tribute. They needed very
little but others wanted Chinese
goods. When states refused to
submit, trade, Zheng He used
superior troops,weapons as
diplomacy, but sparingly.

15. Voyages of Zheng He (1405-33 CE)
After 1433, the Chinese government launched no further expeditions.
In 1436, the emperor forbade building ships for overseas voyages.
While Spain and Portugal explored and claimed new lands, China withdrew from sea voyage.

16. Reasons China did not explore the world
1. The Chinese government had an inadequate system of collecting taxes. Spending exceeded revenue.
2. Chinese believed that their civilization was superior to all others, so foreign goods were inferior, and there was little to learn from foreigners.

17. Reasons China did not explore the world
3. Neo-Confucian scholars held many important government posts. Their philosophy suppressed the desire for worldly things. So trade was held in contempt.
4. In the mid-1400s, Mongols began frequently attacking China’s northern border.

18. TO THE AMERICAS? There is some question as to whether Zheng
He’s fleet might have made it to the Americas
around 1421/3. The descriptions within the
journals of the
official voyage
seem to match a
journey of West
to East past Japan
along the Aleutians
and down the West
Coast to Mexico.

19. BENEFITS? China benefited little. Zheng-He never found
the missing prince. He did reestablish the old
tribute system throughout much of the South
China Sea and Bay of Bengal. Little except spices
was found to trade although most states did want
Chinese porcelain and silks.
Portugal came to control the Indian Ocean spice
trade, which made the kingdom very wealthy.
The biggest gain was the spread of Christianity
by missionaries throughout the region.

20. TIMELINES 1405: Zheng He’s first of seven voyages leaves Nanking
1406: Ptolemy’s Geography translated in West; Chinese reach India
1411: Zheng He conquers Sri Lanka
1415: Zheng He conquers Sumatran Kingdom, reach Hormuz
1416: Henry the Navigator defeats Muslims in Morocco
1417: Zheng He intervenes in Indian wars
1418: Chinese armada attacks Mogadishu
1420: Portuguese reach Madiera, explore African coast
1427: Portuguese reach Azores
1433: Zheng He dies, disgraced
1434: Portuguese fleet enters Bight of Benin, Gulf of Guinea
1436: Ming Emperor ends overseas naval explorations
1488: Portuguese (Diaz) reach southern tip of Africa
1498: Portuguese reach west coast of India by way of East Africa

21. CH’I-LIN AND CONFUCIANS
The Chinese “unicorn” is a symbol
of good fortune, justice. Its coming
was symbolic of good times and peace.
Neo-Confucian doctrine taught that
China was at the center of the world and had
reached the heights of power,
influence. They despised
merchants, disliked eunuchs,
favored internal development.

22. THE MING END Northern nomads The Great Wall A New Capital New Emperor
Japanese pirates
Grand Canal
Cost of fleets
Anti-eunuch
Confucianism

23. Arabs dominated Mediterranean and Indian Ocean since 9CE
Arab dhow

24. Dar al Islam
Arab ships weren’t as big as the Chinese, but they dominated spice islands of Malaysia, gold-rich Africa, and cotton/silk-producing Asia!

25. Indian Ocean Trade
Arab merchants were ordained by the Prophet. “I commend the merchants to you, for they are the courtiers of the horizons and God’s trusted servants on earth.” ~Mohammed

26. Arabs had developed sophisticated methods of determining latitude

27. Astrolabe & Quadrant
When a sailor loses sight of land, he must have a method of determining his direction. Determining latitude could be done by using the astrolabe (a simple wooden or brass stick with degrees marked around its edge), or by using the quadrant, (a quarter circle measuring 0 to 90 degrees marked around its curved edge).

28. quadrants and astrolabes

29. Ibn Battuta (14th century)‏
Arabs traveled for discovery. Ibn Battuta, an Islamic historian traveled over 75,000 miles, making him one of most traveled men of his age. He visited India, China, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, and the African interior as far south as the Niger River.

30. Ibn Battuta (14th century)‏
Because he was only a passenger aboard ships he was never an explorer in the true sense, but this did not make his achievements any less important

31. PORTUGUESE MOTIVATION: GOD, GLORY, GOLD
Religious Zeal
Prestor John
Crusades
Trade Monopoly
Ottomans
Mansa Musa
Renaissance
Technology

32. TO AFRICA AND THE CAPE West Africa was Portugal’s
training ground. The local
states were more powerful
than the Portuguese and
wanted to trade. Portuguese
learned to raid and trade,
while bettering sailing
knowledge and pushing
further south.

33. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR
Portugal reconquered land from
Muslims, but hemmed in by Castile;
turned to seas to make future. State
backed overseas exploration,
shipbuilding, and schools to
train sailors. State rewarded
success through titles,
property. Prince Henry
lead Portuguese efforts.

34. PORTUGUESE ADMIRALS Prince Henry’s schools trained
sailors from all over Europe;
promotion based on experience.
Sailors taught navigation using
Arab astrolabe, compass; ships
designed specifically for Atlantic.
Fleet pushed into Atlantic, discovered
Azores, Canaries; followed coasts of
Africa. Portuguese conquered Ceuta
in Morocco to begin expansion.

35. PORTUGUESE NAVAL VOYAGES
Three phases: down
African coast to Cape
of Good Hope, Cape to
India along East African
coast, and India to
China through Malacca
Straits. Fleets and ships
often small but heavily
armed.

36. CARAVEL & NAO Portuguese ships had to be able to withstand hazards,
weather of Atlantic, some of
the worst on the globe. Sails
had to be able to turn as
wind direction changed. Bow was high to cut the
waves. Stern, bow were
fighting castles as ships
were sailing forts, armed
with heavy, light guns.

37. PORTUGUESE TACTICS At first, threats backed by terror tactics and
military technology:
the Portuguese were
little less than pirates.
Later, seize control of
choke points (straits),
build forts, monopolize
spice trade, send out
missionaries, all controlled
from central capital, Goa.

38. THE INDIAN OCEAN Portugal found a thriving trade dominated by Muslim
merchants and their states.
Portugal sacked most of the
Swahili city-states in East Africa
and built forts to control key points.
In India, Portugal had nothing to
trade with the Hindus and tried the
tactics. Later, Portugal established
markets, forts, missions, and wed
local women to control trade.

39. European Incentive
The Crusades brought knowledge and goods from Asia and the Islamic world.

40. European Incentive
The Mongol Empire had fostered trade between east and west; but it’s collapse
disrupted
this trade.

41. European Incentive
Asian spices improved European food. But spice had to be bought from Arab
merchants
became
wealthy at the
expense of
Europe.

42. Trade disadvantages of Europe
Lack of trade items; other than gold and silver, Europe had nothing that the east wanted. This led to a drain of wealth in Europe.

43. Trade disadvantage of Europe
2. Geography; Europe was isolated from
Asia. They
were forced to
Rely on Arab
merchants that
acted as the
middle men in
this trade
network.

44. Trade disadvantage of Europe
3. Lack of technology; Europe did not have the technology to conquer of bypass the Arab world.

45. European technological changes of the 15th century
Better ships: Europeans developed deep-draft ships capable of carrying
heavy loads
on the
Atlantic
Ocean.

46. European technological changes of the 15th century
2. Magnetic compass: Europe adopted the compass from the Arabs who themselves got it from the Chinese.

47. European technological changes of the 15th century
Mapmaking: Mapmaking
enhanced by
humanism from
the Renaissance
became more
accurate.

48. European technological changes of the 15th century
4. Gunpowder: Europe adopted the knowledge of gunpowder from the Chinese.

49. European technological changes of the 15th century
5. Metalwork: European advancements in metalworking allowed blacksmiths to create the first guns and cannons.

50. Portuguese Exploration
From 1419 until his death in [1460], Prince Henry sent expeditions down the west coast of Africa to outflank the Muslim hold on Asian trade routes.
Why Portugal: land is lined by Atlantic Ocean and Spain. Spain, Genoese, Venetians monopolize trade; Portugal has no access to the Mediterranean; forced to go South.

51. Portuguese Exploration
It wasn't until 27 years after Henry's death that Bartolomeu Dias ship rounded the Cape of Good Hope in [1487].

52. Portuguese Exploration
Vasco da Gama
rounded the
Cape of Good
Hope in 1497
and continue
sailing along the eastern coast of
African. He located a route to India, but
had to contend with Arab strongholds.

53. Portuguese Exploration
In 1502, he
returned with
14 heavily
armed ships and defeat the Arab fleet.
By 1511, the Portuguese controlled the
Spice routes. In 1513, Portuguese trade
extended to China and Japan.

54. Spanish Exploration
Portuguese success inspires Columbus to sail west to reach the Indies
Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who wanted to increase Spanish power.
They had recently defeated the Muslims (Moors) in Spain, and need wealth to maintain control.
They were also eager to Christianize the East.
69 days across the Atlantic, lands in the Bahamas, later finds Hispanola  swears to his dying day that this is part of the east Indies; there is NO New Continent.
1502 Amerigo Vespuci (sailing for the Portuguese) hits land on what is now Brazil proving there is a new continent; first to assert that it is a new land.

55. Spanish Exploration
Columbus reaches the Caribbean which he believes to be the East Indies

56. Line of Demarcation
Since there were two catholic countries vying for territory in the new world.
The Pope draws a line down the world  Spain has rights to the land west of the line; Portugal has rights to the land east of the line.
Known as the Treaty of Tordesillas, it divides the world between Spain and Portugal.
Alexander IV – 1493, divides Atlantic Ocean in half.

57. THE PORTUGUESE END In 1580, the last Portuguese
king died and his nearest
male heir was Philip II,
King of Spain who inherited
the crown of Portugal.
Spanish interests came
first. During Spanish rule,
Dutch, French, and English
encroached on Portuguese
markets, empire, stealing
both for their states.

58. FIRST TO ENTER, LAST TO LEAVE
Portugal was first European nation to establish
a colonial empire and the last to lose it. In 1960,
India annexed Goa; in 1975, Mozambique
gained independence; Indonesia took East Timor,
and in1999, Macao was returned to China.