1. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.0 Part Three The Impact of Two World Wars and the Great Depression, 1914-1945

2. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.1 Chapter Ten Canada in the Great War

3. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.2 Crowds swarmed into downtown Calgary the night war was declared, August 4, 1914. Calgary Herald.

4. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.3 As subjects of Canada’s enemy the Austro-Hungarian Empire many “enemy aliens,” most of them ethnic Ukrainians faced internment, these men were interned at Castle Mountain, Banff National Park. Glenbow Archives/NA-1870-6.

5. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.4 A group of soldiers, many of them Ontario Native people, before going overseas in World War I. Photo taken in the North Bay area.. Archives of Ontario/Acc. 9164 S15159.

6. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.5 “My Skin Is Dark But My Heart Is White,” Canadian Patriotic Fund Poster.. Toronto Reference Library.

7. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.6 Canada at war, 1914–1917. Minimal advances were made between 1914 and 1917, despite seven major battles involving Canadians. Source: Based on Elizabeth Abbott, ed., Chronicle of Canada (Montreal: Chronicle Publications, 1990), p. 579.

8. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.7 Canadian nursing sisters at 1st Canadian Field Hospital, Etaples, France. They are helping to clean up after a German bombing killed three nurses, June 1918. Library and Archives Canada/PA-3747

9. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.8 Cyril Barraud, The Stretcher-Bearer Party, about 1918. The stretcher bearers administered essential first aid before transporting the wounded. In the background soldiers carry duckboard, which they used to bridge trenches and to provide a secure footing in the mud. Cyril Berraud, The Stretcher-Bearer Party, Accession number: 19710261-0019. Catalogue number: 8021, Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, © Canadian War Museum (CWM)..

10. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.9 On June 10, 1916, the 102nd Battalion embarked for over- seas from Comox, Vancouver Island. The whole Courtenay– Comox community came to the harbour to see them off. Courtenay and District Museum and Archives/P215-1141.

11. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.10 An ad placed in The Farmer’s Advocate, December 13, 1917, by the “Citizens’ Union Committee.” The federal election of December 1917 was one of the most divisive in Canadian history as a result of the implementation of the Military Service Act, or conscription bill, that past summer. Courtesy University Archives, Killam Memorial Library, Dalhousie University.

12. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.11 The view from Halifax’s waterfront after the great explosion caused by the collision of a Belgian vessel with a French munitions ship, December 6, 1917. The blast, the subsequent tidal wave, and raging fire killed over 1600 people and injured 9000, including 200 blinded by flying glass. National Archives of Canada/C-19951.

13. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.12 Parade in Calgary celebrating the armistice and the end of World War I, November 11, 1918. Because of the influenza epidemic, the Alberta government had two weeks earlier ordered all citizens to wear masks when outside their homes. Glenbow Archives, Calgary, Canada/NA-431-5.

14. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.13 For What? By Frederick Varley, one of the four war artists who later joined the Group of Seven. Varley’s bleak painting of a burial party at work behind the front lines makes a horrible statement on the futility of war. F.H. Varley, For What?, Accession number: 19710261-0770, Catalogue number: 8911, Beaverbrook Collection of War Art © Canadian War Museum (CWM).