1. 13 Culture “Diversity of hues, form, and shape enriches and adorns the garden and heightens its effect.” — 'Abdu'l Baha Persian Baha'i Religious Leader, 19th-20th Century “Diversity of hues, form, and shape enriches and adorns the garden and heightens its effect.” — 'Abdu'l Baha Persian Baha'i Religious Leader, 19th-20th Century

2. What is Culture?  Culture:  The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

3. What is Culture?  Two important dimensions of culture in adolescents’ lives are socioeconomic status and ethnicity.  Socioeconomic status (SES): A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics  Ethnicity: A dimension of culture based on cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language

4. Socioeconomic Status and Poverty Living in Distressed Neighborhoods Fig. 13.2

5. Socioeconomic Status and Poverty  Ramifications of living in poverty  Health  Housing/neighborhoods  Powerless/Lack prestige  Vulnerable to disaster  Options limited

6. Immigration  High rates of immigration  Growth in proportion of ethnic minorities  Stressors  Language barriers  Dislocation  Separation from support network  Preserve identity  SES

7. Immigrant teens  over 80 percent arrive from Latin America, Asia, and the Afro-Caribbean basin  Length of residence in the United States is associated with declining academic achievement and aspirations

10. Cambodian Culture  Small country of around 13 million  Located in SE Asia--between Thailand and Vietnam  Currently 4/5 rural, mostly Buddhist  Cambodian genocide--the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot in late ‘70s  Death toll estimate 1.5 million

11. A Special Juncture For Ethnic Minority Individuals  Confront ethnicity in adolescence  Become aware of how their ethnic group is evaluated  Lack of successful role models

12. Ethnicity Issues  Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status  Dual influence  Differences and Diversity  Difference – not deficit  Diversity within minority groups

13. Ethnicity Issues  Prejudice, Discrimination, & Bias  Prejudice  Unjustified negative attitude toward people because they belong to a particular group  Ethnic minority groups continue to experience discrimination and bias

15. Percentage of Adolescents Ages 12 to 17 who Ate Meals with Their Family, by Number of Days Meals Eaten Together, 2003 0 to 3 days4 to 5 days6 to 7 days Ages 12-17 Total30.827.042.2 Gender Male 30.027.142.9 Female31.726.841.5 Age 12 to 1426.326.147.6 15 to 1735.828.036.3 Race/Ethnicity Non-Hispanic white30.430.938.7 Non-Hispanic black39.021.539.5 Hispanic28.517.454.1 Other22.223.854.0 Geographic location MSA area31.726.641.7 Non-MSA area27.727.145.3 Poverty level Less than 100% of poverty level27.117.855.2 100 to 200% of poverty level30.825.343.9 200% or more above the poverty level 32.430.737.0 Family Structure

16. Ethnic Minority Adolescents  African American Adolescents  Most visible group  Larger proportion in lower-SES than Whites  Latino Adolescents  Majority identify themselves as Mexican Americans  Chicano

17. Ethnic Minority Adolescents  Asian American Adolescents  Strong family loyalty  High expectations for success  Native American Adolescents  Inordinate amount of discrimination  Lowest standard of living  Highest teen pregnancy rate  Highest suicide rate  Highest school dropout rate

18. The United States and Canada: Nations with Many Cultures Clip art copyright © 2002 www.arttoday.com. Used with permission.

19. Use of Media  The average U.S. adolescent lives in a home with:  3 TVs  3 Tape Players  3 Radios  2 VCRs  2 CD Players  1 Video Game Player  1 Computer

20. Television  Television’s Functions  Window to the world  Takes time away from reading  Passive learning and lifestyle  Problems easily resolved  Portrayal of ethnic minorities

21. Television Educational TV Viewing in Early Childhood and High School Grade Point Average for Boys Fig. 13.4

22. Concerns about Television  Television and Violence  TV violence is associated with aggressive behavior  TV violence can increase aggression  Violent video games

23. Concerns about Television  Television and Sex  TV teaches adolescents about sex  Television and Achievement  The more adolescents watch TV the lower their school achievement is

24. The Media and Music  Two-thirds of all songs and albums are purchased by the 10- to 24-year-old age group.

25.  87% of those aged 12 to 17, now use the internet. up from 73% in 2000  51% of teenage internet users say they go online on a daily basis, up from 42% in 2000.

26. Digital Divide  Half of all US teens who use the internet lives in a home with a broadband connection.  13% of American teenagers or about 3 million people still do not use the internet.  Those teens who remain offline are clearly defined by lower levels of income and limited access to technology.  They are also disproportionately likely to be African-American.

27. Other technology  Close to half of teens (45%) own a cell phone, and 33% have used a cell phone to send a text message.  IM is preferred to email  Teens view email as something you use to talk to old people,institutions, or to send complex instructions

28. IM  75% of online teens use instant messaging, compared to 42% of online adults.  48% of teens who use instant messaging say they exchange IMs at least once every day.

29. Landline  51% of online teens usually choose the landline telephone when they want to talk with friends  24% said they will most often use instant messaging  12% prefer to call friends on their cell phone.  5% use email most often to communicate with friends.  3% prefer to use text messages.

30. More than words  50% of IM-using teens have included a link to an interesting or funny article or website in an instant message  45% have used IM to send photos or documents  31% have sent music or video files via IM.

31. Technology, Computers, and the Internet Percentage of U.S. 15- to 17-Year-Olds Engaging in Different Online Activities

32. Technology, Computers, and the Internet  The Internet  Increasing use  Email most frequent activity  Parents may not know what information adolescent is obtaining

33.  Technology & Sociocultural Diversity  Technology & Education Technology, Computers, and the Internet

34. Social Policy and the Media  Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development’s recommendations:  Encourage socially responsible programming  Support public efforts to make the media more adolescent friendly  Encourage media literacy programs  Increase media presentations of health promotions  Expand opportunities for adolescents’ views to appear in the media

35. Taking it to the Net  For more information on material covered in this chapter, visit our Online Learning Center: http://www.mhhe.com/santrocka11