1. Avalanche Avoidance and Rescue

2. Outline Who’s at risk What causes avalanches Companion/beacon rescue Avalanche avoidance Types of avalanches Details about the Unit’s DTS Tracker and its use

3. New user groups –Snowboarders –Snowmobilers Open gate policies Media New technologies –Snowboards/splitboards –Alpine touring gear –Telemark gear (plastic and fat) –Snow safety equipment –Powerful snowmobiles Winter mountain recreation has exploded in recent years

4. Source: AAA U.S. Avalanche fatalities by activity, 1990 to 2002 About 97% of people killed in avalanches die while playing

5. Recreationists are at risk because they don’t understand the causes of avalanches

6. Almost all fatal avalanches are slab avalanches

7. Point release (loose snow) avalanches are more easily predicted and usually less dangerous

8. If you understand the cause of avalanches you can avoid them Human Factors Weather Snowpack Terrain

9. New snow adds weight (stress) to the snowpack New snow takes time to bond to layer underneath Most avalanches occur during and immediately after storms...

10. Temperature, elevation and aspect (orientation) all affect snow stability You can have stability at one elevation but as you climb or descend the snow profile can change Similarly, a slope at one aspect can be safe but at a slightly different aspect can be very unstable Rapidly warming temperatures can weaken the snowpack

11. 60˚ 45˚ 30˚ 15˚ 0˚ The majority of avalanches occur on slopes between 30˚ and 45˚

12. 28˚ 33˚ The majority of avalanches occur on slopes between 30˚and 45˚

13. Most slabs release on the bulge of convex slopes Slabs can be triggered from above and below the slope Concavity Convexity Slope shape also needs to be considered

14. Dense trees can act as “anchors” and points of safety

15. A weak snowpack usually consists of a strong layer overlying a weak layer Learn to evaluate the snowpack There’s no substitute for on-snow avalanche instruction Take a Level I avalanche course Practice

16. Some slab avalanches are huge

17. Most killer avalanches are small and human triggered 1. Skier 2. Slope convexity 3. Roughly 30 degrees 4. Debris slid into concavity

18. Know before you go! Call local avalanche forecast center Know the snowpack history Talk to others who have been out Talk to ski patrol

19. Human factors Attitude : people sometimes ignore danger signs due to pride, ego and ambition Time : weekend warrior syndrome Blue Sky : sunny weather sometimes draws people too soon after a storm Herding Instinct : people think less in large groups

20. With good back country habits, you can avoid avalanche danger 1. Expose only one person at a time 2. Get out of the way at the bottom 3. Never cross above your partner 4. Have an escape route planned 5. Remove pole straps and safety straps 6. Travel in the same route when possible 7. Keep your partner in sight 8. Travel to points of safety

21. Consider the terrain consequences in route selection Will I go over a cliff? Will I get crushed by trees? Will I get cut by sharp rocks? Will I be buried?

22. Good route selection can limit exposure to hazardous terrain Is there a better alternative?

23. Without exposure to the steep slopes Good route selection can limit exposure to hazardous terrain

24. Asphyxiation is the cause of most avalanche fatalities Asphyxiation 75% Trauma 25% Source: AAA

25. Time in minutes Recovered Alive (%) Source: AAA (422 completely buried victims) If recovered within 15 minutes, chances of survival are almost 92% At 35 minutes, survival rate drops to 37% After that, the success rate is extremely low.1 …but if you get to them fast enough, you can save them

26. Source: CAIC Only a member of your party or a companion will likely save your life white (68%) cover (15%)

27. Source: AAA Search times in 100mx100m area …and most likely only if you have an avalanche transceiver

28. If an avalanche occurs Victim If caught, yell so other people see you. Then close your mouth. If you can grab a tree or dig into the slope, do it. Discard gear like skis and poles. Fight with all of your effort, try to stay on the surface. As the snow slows, try to thrust a hand upward above the snow surface. Before the snow stops, try to clear an air space in front of your face. If buried, do not panic! Stay calm and try to relax.

29. If an avalanche occurs Rescuer(s) Watch the victim(s) as they are carried down the slope. Look for “last seen point.” Make sure it is safe to begin a search. Organize the search party. Mark the area where the victim was last seen and begin search here. Look for any clues. Begin beacon search When victim is located, confirm depth and location with probe dig fast but carefully.

30. 1. Avalanche beacon follows electronic signal to buried victim 2. Probe verifies depth and location of buried victim 3. Shovel removes snow What do you need for a rescue?

31. distance sending unit receiving unit Signal strength depends upon distance Colorado Avalanche Information Center volume

32. Signal strength depends upon orientation Maximum Colorado Avalanche Information Center

33. Minimum Signal strength depends upon orientation Colorado Avalanche Information Center

34. Coarse Search >40m Fine Search 40-3m Pinpoint Search <3m Objective: Detect strong signal Objective: Get close to buried transmitter (about 3 meters) Objective: Locate strongest signal, minimize probe and digging area There are three phases of a transceiver search

35. Standard coarse search strip is 20 meters Effective range for most modern transceivers: 10-15 meters This translates to a strip width of 20-30 meters

36. GridTangentFlux Fine search techniques

37. Pinpoint search – bracket or line

38. Coarse search Signal picked up here, fine search begins Pinpoint search

39. The three search phases would look something like this for a single searcher: 1. Coarse search 2. Fine search 3. Pinpoint search

40. What about two searchers? 1. Coarse 2. Fine 3. Pinpoint Probe and shovel!

41. What about a last seen point? Last seen point Search begins at star Eliminates this area for searching

42. Fracture Debris area Victims Six people skiing

43. Last seen point, search begins here Four rescuers and two victims

44. The four searchers will begin their search at the last seen point. Two will pinpoint while the other two probe and prepare to shovel.

45. Basics Specifications of DTS Tracker Beacon Frequency 457 kHz Three AAA batteries 250 hours in transmit, 50 hours in search Receive range up to 50 meters Normal effective range is 10 meter radius Normal search mode window is 180° Special search mode widow is 75° Minimum temperature range at 66% battery is -10° C (14° F) for transmit and -20° C (-4° F) for search

46. Basics of Operating DTS Tracker Beacon Black strap is the waist strap, red is shoulder Can unbuckle beacon to extend it without removing waist strap During start up, should have 95 to 99% battery display After start up, enters transmit (tr) mode and side light flashes To enter search mode, hold Search/Transmit Button down until display changes to “SE” and beacon beeps three times Directional LED points along the flux line Distance along flux line is in meters To go back to transmit mode, push the Search/Transmit Button

47. Options for DTS Tracker Beacon Auto-Revert System –Hold down Options Button while starting –“Ar” will be shown in display –After 5 minutes in search mode, beacon will sound 10 second alarm then switch to transmit mode unless Search/Transmit Button is pushed

48. Options for DTS Tracker Beacon Special Mode –While in search mode, hold down Options Button until “SP” is displayed –Normal search only indicates the strongest signal within about 10 meters. –Special search indicates all signals within search window no matter what strength –Search window is reduced from 180° to 75°

49. Options for DTS Tracker Beacon Turning Off The Vastly Annoying Beep –To stop the beeping sounds in search mode, push the Options Button until “L0” is displayed –To turn the sound back on, push the Options Button until “L1” is displayed

50. Single Victim Search With DTS Tracker Turn all beacons to search Start at last seen location and use coarse search pattern to find a signal Look for surface clues while moving Move beacon in slow horizontal and vertical pattern to help find a signal Once a signal is located, mark the location and follow the flux line indicated with the top LED and decreasing distance Move rapidly to 10 meters then start moving slowly to around 3 meters Once at about 3 meters, start to move very slowly and use pinpoint bracket or line method to locate closest point for probing Hold beacon right on snow surface Ignore spike readings and LED fluctuation when this close

51. Multiple Victims Using Normal Search Mode The search is the same up to locating the first signal Follow the LED towards the closest beacon and when significantly closer to one beacon and within 10 meters, the Tracker will lock onto one beacon and mask out the others When dug out, turn off the first beacon If first beacon can’t be turned off but you have an idea where the next beacon is, head towards it until signal is isolated If no idea where next beacon is, step back three paces and slowly walk a circle around the first beacon. If required, step back two more times and repeat the circle, then return to first signal location if required. Once a signal is acquired when walking the circle, start towards it to isolate it

52. Multiple Victims Using Special Search Mode The search is the same up to locating the first beacon and beacon can’t be turned off With Tracker at lowest distance reading and center LED on, switch to special mode Rotate the DTS Tracker – do not sweep it – slowly to find other signals If no signal is detected, try standing up and rotating the DTS Tracker at chest height If no signal is detected, step back three paces and try rotating the Tracker again Once a signal is isolated note the distance and move rapidly about ¾ of the distance then switch back to normal search mode Finish covering the entire avalanche area using a coarse search pattern to make sure all beacons are located

53. Tips for Three or More Victims Three or more beacons, especially if close together, are very hard to separate out Try decreasing coarse search overlap to 5 meters instead of 20 It is especially important to enter special search mode as close as possible to a beacon to help distinguish the distance to other beacons Avoid going into special search mode over a beacon’s spike area Pinpointing on a line can be very difficult if many beacon’s flux lines are all converging in one area, try the bracket method instead