1. ERTMS Bridging the gap between technology and adoption: a Human Factors case study Elaine Thompson, Mott MacDonald

2. Introduction Considerations of introducing European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) / European Train Control System (ETCS) on UK network Retrofit to existing trains and implementation in new build Highlighted the key factors that needed to be considered for adoption

3. Challenges ERTMS/ETCS Driver Machine Interface options for future train cab design Requires the transition between European Train Control System (ETCS) and existing train cab systems (Class B) on routes Management of these interfaces in terms of cab fitment and driver support is a key issue

4. System Integration Challenges ETCS DMI and Class B integration System Reliability Cab environment Display technology Position & reach Train protection & safety

5. Aims of the study Three main issues relating to the fitment of ETCS Driver Machine Interface (DMI) in rolling stock; – Design and level of integration of existing Class B systems within the train cab with the DMI – Appropriate technology for the DMI screen that optimises the train cab environment and train driver performance – Choice of DMI interface - touch screen or soft key

6. Approach 3 levels of integration considered: –No Integration: AWS and TPWS indications and controls separate to the ETCS DMI –Partial Integration: Speedometer, AWS and TPWS indications integrated, AWS acknowledge button separate –Full Integration: Automatic Warning System (AWS) and Train Protection Warning System (TPWS) indications and controls, and speedometer fully integrated within the ETCS DMI.

7. Existing Cab Layout (Class 43) Existing Class 43

8. Non-Integrated Solution Class 43

9. Fully Integrated Solution Class 43

10. Transition between ETCS and AWS/TPWS AWS/ TPWS ETCS AWS/ TPWS

11. Transition between ETCS and AWS/TPWS Factors to reduce potential for errors –Provide clear visual indication of the engaged level of train protection –Ensure adequate visibility of controls and indications in all lighting conditions –Provide good feedback to the driver to confirm that control inputs have been successful

12. AWS/TPWS integration Partially integrated solution appears to offer most benefit –AWS acknowledge button separate –Consider ETCS acknowledge button also separate Cab fitment –Reduced clutter on the driver console Impact on performance –Reduced visual clutter in the cab means that attention is focussed on the DMI, which provides visual confirmation of train control

13. DMI Interface – Touch Screen vs. Soft Keys Touch screen: + More flexible layout of information + Only ‘active buttons’ displayed, can reduce workload - Likely to have higher reflectance value Image Source: ERA_ERTMS_015560 ETCS Driver Machine Interface

14. Soft Keys: + Lower screen reflectance value + Increased tactile feedback - Larger DMI unit, less flexible layout DMI Interface – Touch Screen vs. Soft Keys

15. Integrated display of AWS/TPWS Design of AWS/TPWS interface, considerations: –Most recent ERA DMI standard allows more flexibility on screen design –‘Customisable’ or ‘Unified’ layout options –Design of indications – retain AWS ‘sunflower’ or design a new indication –Interaction with AWS acknowledge button – frequency of use

16. Latest developments for GB standards Work to update standards: – GK/RT8075 – AWS and TPWS Interface Requirements Cover touch screen and soft key options –GK/RT0036 – Transitions between Signalling Systems Number and frequency of transitions Driver workload around transitions Understanding fully the impact and potential errors

17. www.mottmac.com