1. B C Black Americans Vincent Parillo Chapter 10

2. B C Sociohistorical Perspective Black crewmen served under Columbus Jamestown 1619, indentured servants Slavery quickly replaced indentured servitude Cultural differences have prevented any unifying bond forming between native born Blacks and black immigrants. –Both groups are strangers to one another

3. B C The Years of Slavery Africans (slaves) were not allowed to recreate their culture in miniature Educating Slaves (Blacks) a crime 200 years of slave-master relations did much to prevent their assimilation –Did much to establish relations of prejudice and discrimination [A pattern of forced acculturation, but not structural assimilation]

4. B C Racism and its Legacy Racism emerged as a ideology in the 16 th and 17 th centuries –This was the period of European imperialism Myths of racial inferiority of blacks emerged as a rationalization of slavery –A factor of the seagoing activity of Europeans –Christianity, … skin color, … ”Curse of Ham” In 19 th century, was firmly implanted in U.S. culture. … W.E. B. Du Bois, p. 376

5. B C Forms Of Racism Black Codes (Jim Crow) –State laws designed to keep blacks [ex slaves] in subservient positions Institutionalized Racism –Occurs when laws attempt to legitimize differential racial treatment –Differential racial treatment becomes established as normative behavior –Institutional or normative discrimination Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896

6. B C Effects of Jim Crow Segregation laws reflected racist attitudes decades after slavery ended –17 states had mandatory segregation –[California (Bakersfield) had de facto segregation] Hard to exaggerate the impact on society –Structural discrimination pervasive in the South Lasted two or three generations Gunnar Myrdal, … “Cumulative Causation”

7. B C Effects of Jim Crow, Cont. An important cause of migration to the North De Jure segregation in the South De Facto segregation in the North

8. B C The Ku Klux Klan Originally organized in the South after Reconstruction –To intimidate Blacks from exercising their new political rights –Initially concentrated of maintaining white supremacy Racist concentration broadened to condem Jews, foreigners, and Catholics –Seen as a threat to the nation’s character

9. B C The Winds of Change Desegregation: Phase one WWII, … Military desegregation, … GI Bill Challenges to school segregation 1954 school desegregation ruling –“With all deliberate speed” Confrontations in schools and colleges –Little Rock High School

10. B C Winds of Change Cont. Sit-ins The March on Washington Integration of the University of Alabama 1968, Assassination of M. L. King Jr. Beginning, an increase in the number of elected officials Riots of the 1960s, … reasons: –Police practices, unemployment, under employment, inadequate housing

11. B C Racism Support IQ controversy, “The Bell Shaped Curve” –Recurring argument on the inferiority of Blacks –Authors argue that intelligence is the best single explanation of wealth, poverty, and social status –The cognitive elite at the upper levels and the intellectuals an the lower levels –Severely criticized, for the selective use of data The language of prejudice, … p. 396

12. B C Social Indicators of Blacks A larger percent of blacks than whites are young, … Figure 10.3, p. 397 Education: The percentage gap between blacks and whites completing 4 years of HS has steadily lessened, … Table 10.1, p 398 Income: Historically black family income has always been lower than that of whites, Table 10.3, p. 399, and Figure 10.4, p. 399 –Families below poverty level, Fig. 10.4, p. 400

13. B C Social Indicators Cont. 2 Feminization of Poverty –High percentage of black impoverished families are headed by women –Among black female-headed families- 39% lived in poverty in 2000 –Approximately 56 % of all black children under 18 lived in a single-parent home in 1998 Occupational Distribution –Table 10.4, p. 401 –31%, Operators, fabricators, laborers, farming

14. B C Social Indicators Cont. 3 Black Middle Class –Three percent of the black population in 1910 –By 1960 the black middle class had grown to 13 percent 7 in 10 blacks belong to the working or middle class today

15. B C Theoretical Views The Functional view, p.416 –Inequality exists in all societies, … differential rewards, … rewards depend on availability of qualified personnel, … a cheap labor force, … Jim Crow formalized a system of inequality, … lack of social cohesion of blacks, … –system corrections, … judicial and legislative action –Restore societal balance

16. B C Theoretical Views Cont. The Conflict View –Slavery –Economic exploitation, … forced blacks, … low cost surplus labor, … segregation, … Internal colonialism, … subjugated, … –Low-paying, low-status, jobs –De jure segregation, de facto segregation –Internal Colonialism relationships