1. Glaciers and Geography

2. Take-Away Points 1.The Pleistocene glaciers profoundly affected world geography and history 2.The Missouri and Ohio Rivers were created because the glaciers blocked existing rivers 3.The Great Lakes were excavated by the glaciers 4.The English Channel was formed because the glaciers blocked existing rivers 5.The ice affected migration of humans into the Americas

3. Northern Hemisphere Ice Caps

4. Drainage Diversion, Missouri River, North Dakota

5. Mid-Pleistocene Drainage in the Midwest

6. Pre-Pleistocene Drainage in the Midwest?

7. Ice Retreat, Canada

8. Glacial Retreat, Europe

9. Pluvial Lakes, Southwest U.S.

10. Pleistocene Rivers, Indonesia

11. Excavation of Great Lakes Basins

12. Occasional Re-Advances

13. Northeast Tilting of Crust

14. Lakes in Hudson Bay Basin

15. Sea Floods Hudson’s Bay

17. The Present North Sea

18. Pleistocene Western Europe

19. Pre-Pleistocene Western Europe

20. Siberian Super-Rivers?

21. Coming to America

22. Take-Away Points The Pleistocene glaciers profoundly affected world geography and history The Missouri and Ohio Rivers were created because the glaciers blocked existing rivers The Great Lakes were excavated by the glaciers The English Channel was formed because the glaciers blocked existing rivers The ice affected migration of humans into the Americas