1. IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please read first! DISCLAIMER: The following translated document originates from Brazil, is based on Brazilian data and experience, and was developed by EMBRAPA for Brazilian farmers. Aspects of SBR development and fungicide efficacy comparisons may not be the same under U.S. and Brazilian conditions. Similarly, certain control measures suggested by Brazilian officials reflect the unique SBR situation in Brazil, as well as year-round soybean production in certain parts of that country. Therefore, do not use this information for making fungicide purchasing or SBR control decisions in the U.S. Instead, use control measures developed by your state’s Land Grant University scientists. Be advised that fungicide product names for the same active ingredient and manufacturer are typically different for Brazil and the U.S.; however, the common names for the active ingredient (such as tebuconazole or propiconazole or azoxystrobin) are the same in both countries. For more information or clarification about the translated document, contact: D. Hershman Extension Plant Pathologist University of Kentucky, Princeton, KY dhershma@uky.edu

2. SOYBEAN RUST: IdentificationManagementControl

3. History 1902 – first report in Japan 1914 – in southeast Asia 1976 - Puerto Rico 1979 - Lavras, MG - Dr. Josué Deslandes 1990 - Uganda, Kenya and Rwuanda 1998 - Zimbabwe 2001 - Paraguai and Brazil 2002 – Argentina 2003 - Bolivia 2004 – Uruguai,Colombia and USA  Up to 1992 – only one species identified as soybean rust Phakopsora pachyrhizi  In 1992 – found a 2nd species causing rust on soybean P. meibomiae – American rust P. pachyrhizi – Asian rust

4. Soybean rust around the world 1934 1902 1957 1940 1966 1934 1998 2001 1999 2004 2001 2002 2003 1996 2004

5. Evolution of soybean rust in Brazil 2000/2004

6. PA 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 Presence detected Severe losses detected Actual status

7. BRS 154 BRS 153 1.632 kg/ha 3.015 kg/ha 2.344 kg/ha 3.022 kg/ha treated Control Losses: 46% Losses: 23% Cruzaltinha, RS – 2002

8. São Desidério, BA - 2003 3550 kg/ha1470 kg/ha Losses : 58%

9. Pirapó, Paraguai – 2001 TreatedControl

10. Losses Crop Season 2003/04 1.Fungicides+ sprayUS$ 860 million 2. Yield + taxesUS$ 1.2 billion 3. Total:US$ 2.06 billion Lazzaroto& Roessing, 2004 Cost of Fungicides: US$ 30/ha (1 spray)

11. Capacitation of 100,000 farmers in 2005 Consortium anti-rust Disease identification, management and control

12. Initial Symptoms

14. Soybean Rust Typical symptoms:tiny dark brown lesions; leaves become yellow and falls. J.T. Yorinori

15. Soybean rust Symptoms are easily identified againts bright background J.T. Yorinori

16. Soybean Rust Diagnosis is confirmed through observation of small blisters on the underside of soybean leaves. C.V. Godoy

18. J.T. Yorinori Soybean Rust 30 X lens to observe uredias in the leaf

19. uredias W.M. Paiva

20. First detection in Brazil: Foz do Iguaçu, PR - 2001

21. 5-7 days after inoculation Bright background J.T. Yorinori Symptom´s Evolution And Defoliation

22. 9 Days after inoculation Bright background J.T. Yorinori

23. 25 days after inoculation Yellowing and defoliation J.T. Yorinori

24. Initial symptons ocurred in R1-R2

25. São Desidério/ BA - J.T. Yorinori Early defoliation due to Asian Rust

26. MATO GROSSO Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03

27. MATO GROSSO Primavera do Leste, MT: 21.02.03

28. Rust on the cotyledons - rare

29. Rust on the stems – uncomon

30. Rust on the pods - rare

31. Etiology: time desease Cycle: 5-7 (9-11) days

32. Spore germination pattern

33. Dissemination: wind Dissemination Disease cycle M. Iamauti, 2004 6-7 days occurs spore liberation J.T.Yorinori Reproduction Symptoms show up 5 days after inoculation W.M.Paiva One pustule releases spores along 3 weeks J.T.Yorinori Germination (optimun 18 0 C – 26 0 C) Penetration development Infection Free water on leaf surface Minimum: 6 h Optimun:12 - 14 h Direct penetration through stomata M. IamautiG.N.Agrios

34. Disease misidentification

35. Brown spot: Septoria glycines J.T. Yorinori

36. Bacterial blight Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea

37. Downy mildew: Peronospora manshurica Soybean rust

38. Bacterial pustule Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines L.M. Costamilan A.M.R.Almeida J.T. Yorinori

39. When to control ? Scouting fields/sentinels to observe at the earliest sign of infcetion. Spray right after first symptoms are observed (pustules on plant botton leaves) or spray preventively, considering: Presence of symptoms in the sentinel plots, Reduced operational capacity, Favorable weather conditions, Plant development stage, Rust present in the region, Incidence of other diseases (broad range fungicide). Chemical Control

40. Number of sprays ? Stage of plant development when rust occurs Stage of plant development when rust occurs Reincidence of rust Reincidence of rust Cost/benefits of the treatment (V2?) Cost/benefits of the treatment (V2?) W.M.Paiva VegetativeReproductive

41. Products Registered for rust control in Brazil AGROFITwww.agricultura.gov.br

42. Active ingredient Rate (g i.a./ha) Comercial product 1 - Check 2 - azoxystrobin 50Priori 3 - difenoconazole50Score 4 - tetraconazole50Domark 5 - fluquinconazole62,5Palisade 6 - flutriafol62,5Impact 7 - tebuconazole 250100Orius 8 - tebuconazole 200100Folicur 9 - myclobutanil 100Systhane 10 - pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole66,5+25Opera 11 - trifloxystrobin + ciproconazole56,2+24Sphere 12 - azoxystrobin + ciproconazole60+24Priori Xtra 13 - trifloxystrobin + propiconazole 50+50Stratego 14 - propiconazole125Juno 15 - epoxiconazole37,5Opus Soybean rust

43. Fungicidas registrados no MAPA para o controle da ferrugem da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) - observar cadastro no estado continua

44. continuação

45. Spray Technology N.S. Almeida

46. IMPORTANT Reach the target with an adequate coverage. (minimun 60 drops/cm 2 ) ) Efficiency of fungicides is closely related to spray techniques J.T. Yorinori

47. The Green Bridge Problem Primavera do Leste, MT – 2003

49. Lesion type TAN – no necrosis Lesion type RB - reddish brown J.T. Yorinori A. Tschanz C.V.Godoy RESISTANCE

50. Resistance:  There are four major genes: Rpp1, Rpp2, Rpp3 e Rpp4  Resistant cultivars BRS 134 BRSMS Bacuri CS 201 FT-2 FT-3 FT-17 FT-2001 Campos Gerais KIS 601 Ocepar 7

51. Pirarara Tianá

52. MTBR 19923

53. Screening Genotypes

54.  Crop Management between seasons oEliminate volunteer plants oAvoid a second soybean crop (“safrinha”) oAvoid winter irrigated soybeans. Need 3-4 sprays STRATEGIES FOR CONTROL

55. Early sowing with early maturing cultivars = SCAPE Spray at the right time.

56. Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) Soybean Volunteer plant W.M. Paiva

57. Kudzu infected with rust and soybeans, side by side in Paraguai.

58. J.T. Yorinori Early plantings producing inocula for late plantings

59. Scouting and Chemical Control Plot Sentinels Susceptible cultivars sowed before normal time without fungicide treatment

60. Make the scouting as large as possible, keeping more attention to the first sowings and humid areas Walking and frequency of sampling: 1.after emergence and intensify after flowering; 2.after evidences of infection in the region Scouting and Chemical Control

61. Colect middle and bottom leaves J.T. Yorinori Scouting and Chemical Control

62. Look for symptoms of rust Scouting and Chemical Control

63. Incubate leaves for easy diagnosis In case of doubt, send leaves to well trained laboratory for diagnosis J.T.Yorinori Scouting and Chemical Control

64. http://www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta Laboratories localized in the principal regions

65. http://www.cnpso.embrapa.br/alerta Rust Dispersion Information System